1.
鍚嶈瘝瑙ｉ噴
瑙傛祴鍊?/p>
(observation)
锛?/p>
瀹為獙銆佽皟鏌ュ拰瑙傛祴鏌愪簺涓綋鍦ㄦ煇涓�鍙橀噺涓婄殑鍏蜂綋鐨勬暟鍊硷紝鍗充负瑙傛祴鍊笺�?/p>
闅忔満鍙橀噺锛氭煇涓�鍙橀噺鍦ㄥ疄楠屻�佽皟鏌ュ拰瑙傛祴涔嬪墠锛屼笉鑳介鐭ュ叾鏁板�肩殑鍙橀噺銆傞殢鏈哄彉閲忕殑鐗圭偣鏄?/p>
:
绂绘暎鎬с�佸彉寮傛�с�佽寰嬫�с�?/p>
鎬讳綋
(population)
鏄寚鍏锋湁鏌愪竴绉嶇壒寰佺殑涓�绫讳簨鐗╃殑鍏ㄤ綋锛?/p>
鏋勬垚鎬讳綋鐨勬瘡涓�涓熀鏈厓绱犲彨涓綋锛?/p>
鍦ㄦ�讳綋涓寜鐓т竴瀹氱殑瑙勫垯鎶藉彇鐨勯儴鍒嗕釜浣擄紝绉颁负鎬讳綋鐨勪竴涓牱鏈?/p>
(sample)o
琛ㄧず鏍锋湰鐨勬暟瀛楃壒寰佺殑閲忓彨缁熻閲忋�傚鎻忚堪鏁版嵁闆嗕腑瓒嬪娍鐨勪竴浜涚粺璁℃寚鏍囩О涓哄钩鍧囨暟锛涙弿杩?/p>
涓�
缁勬暟鎹鏁ｇ▼搴︾殑缁熻鎸囨爣绉颁负鏍囧噯宸�?/p>
琛ㄧず鎬讳綋鐨勬暟瀛楃壒寰佺殑閲忓彨鍙傛暟銆傚鍙嶅簲鎬讳綋闆嗕腑鎯呭喌鐨勭粺璁℃寚鏍囩О涓烘�讳綋骞冲潎鏁帮紱鍙嶅簲鎬?/p>
浣?/p>
绂绘暎绋嬪害鐨勭粺璁℃寚鏍囩О涓烘爣鍑嗗樊銆?/p>
娆℃暟锛氭煇涓�闅忔満浜嬩欢鍦ㄦ煇涓�绫诲埆涓嚭鐜扮殑鏁版嵁澶氬皯锛屼害绉伴鏁?/p>
(
frequency)
銆?/p>
棰戠巼锛氭煇涓�浜嬩欢鍙戠敓鐨勬鏁颁笌鎬讳簨浠剁殑姣旂巼銆?/p>
姒傜巼
(probability)
锛?/p>
鏌愪竴闅忔満浜嬩欢鍦ㄦ煇涓�鎬讳綋涓嚭鐜扮殑姣旂巼銆?/p>
2.
浣曡皳蹇冪悊涓庢暀鑲茬粺璁″锛熷涔犲畠鏈変綍鎰忎箟锛?/p>
蹇冪悊涓庢暀鑲茬粺璁″鏄笓闂ㄧ爺绌跺浣曟悳闆嗐�佹暣鐞嗐�佸垎鏋愬湪蹇冪悊鏁欒偛鏂硅�岀敱瀹為獙鍜岃皟鏌ユ墍鑾峰緱鐨?/p>
鏁?/p>
鎹祫鏂欙紝骞跺浣曟牴鎹繖浜涙暟瀛楁墍浼犻�掔殑淇℃伅锛岃繘琛岀瀛︽帹璁烘壘鍑哄瑙傝寰嬬殑涓�闂ㄥ绉戙�傚畠
鏄簲
鐢ㄦ暟鐞嗙粺璁″鐨勪竴涓垎鏀紝鏄績鐞嗕笌鏁欒偛鐮旂┒涓殑绉戝宸ュ叿銆?/p>
鎰忎箟锛?/p>
(
1
)
鐮旂┒蹇冪悊涓庢暀鑲茬幇璞″彉鍖栫殑缁熻瑙勫緥
(2)
涓哄績鐞嗕笌鏁欒偛鐮旂┒鎻愪緵绉戝鐨勪緷鎹?/p>
(3)
淇冭繘閲忓寲鐮旂┒鐨勫彂灞曗�︹�?/p>
3.
閫夌敤缁熻鏂规硶鏈夊摢鍎夸釜姝ラ锛?/p>
(1)
鐪嬪疄楠屾垨璋冩煡璁捐鏄惁鍚堢悊锛屽嵆鎵�鑾风殑鐨勬暟鎹槸鍚﹂�傚悎鐢ㄧ粺璁℃柟娉曞彇澶勭悊锛屾纭皢鍏?/p>
鏁?/p>
閲忓寲锛?/p>
(2)
鍒嗘瀽瀹為獙鎴栬皟鏌ユ暟鎹殑绫诲瀷锛岄拡瀵逛笉鍚岀殑鏁版嵁绫诲瀷閫夌敤涓庝箣鐩稿簲鐨勭粺璁℃柟娉曪紱
(3)
鍒嗘瀽鏁版嵁鐨勫垎甯冭寰嬶紝鐪嬫暟鎹槸姝ｆ�佸垎甯冭繕鏄潪姝ｆ�佸垎甯冧互鍙婃槸澶ф牱鏈暟鎹堪鏄皬鏍?/p>
鏈?/p>
鏁版嵁銆?/p>
4.
鎬庢牱鐞嗚В鎬讳綋銆佹牱鏈拰涓綋锛?/p>
鎬讳綋
(population)
鏄寚鍏锋湁鏌愪竴绉嶇壒寰佺殑涓�绫讳簨鐗╃殑鍏ㄤ綋锛涘鐮旂┒澶у鐢熺殑蹇冪悊鍋ュ悍鐘跺喌锛?/p>
鍏?/p>
鍥界殑澶у鐢熷嵆涓烘�讳綋銆?/p>
鏋勬垚鎬讳綋鐨勬瘡涓�涓熀鏈厓绱犲彨涓綋锛涘鍏蜂綋鐨勬瘡涓�涓ぇ瀛︾敓鍗充负涓綋銆?/p>
鍦ㄦ�讳綋灞寜鐓т竴瀹氱殑瑙勫垯鎶藉彇鐨勯儴鍒嗕釜浣擄紝绉颁负鎬讳綋鐨勪竴涓牱鏈?/p>
(sample)
o
濡傛箹鍖楀笀鑼冨鏍?/p>
鐨?/p>
澶у鐢熷氨涓哄叾涓竴涓牱鏈�?/p>
5.
浠�涔堝彨闅忔満鍙橀噺锛熷績鐞嗕笌鏁欒偛绉戝瀹為獙鎵�鑾风殑鏁版嵁鏄惁灞炰簬闅忔満鍙橀噺锛?/p>
闅忔満鍙橀噺锛氭煇涓�鍙橀噺鍦ㄥ疄楠屻�佽皟鏌ュ拰瑙傛祴涔嬪墠锛屼笉鑳介鐭ュ叾鏁板�肩殑鍙橀噺銆傞殢鏈哄彉閲忕殑鐗圭偣鏄?/p>
:
绂绘暎鎬с�佸彉寮傛�с�佽寰嬫�с�?/p>
蹇冪悊涓庢暀鑲茬瀛﹀疄楠屾墍鑾风殑鏁版嵁澶у鏄殢鏈哄彉閲忋�?/p>
6.
浣曡皳娆℃暟銆侀鐜囥�佹鐜囷紵
娆℃暟锛氭煇涓�闅忔満浜嬩欢鍦ㄦ煇涓�绫诲埆灞嚭鐜扮殑鏁版嵁澶氬皯锛屼害绉伴鏁?/p>
(
frequency)
銆?/p>
棰戠巼锛氭煇涓�浜嬩欢鍙戠敓鐨勬鏁颁笌鎬讳簨浠剁殑姣旂巼銆?/p>
姒傜巼
(probability)
锛?/p>
鏌愪竴闅忔満浜嬩欢鍦ㄦ煇涓�鎬讳綋灞嚭鐜扮殑姣旂巼銆?/p>
7.
缁熻閲忎笌鍙傛暟鏈変綍鍏崇郴锛?/p>
琛ㄧず鏍锋湰鐨勬暟瀛楃壒寰佺殑閲忓彨缁熻閲忋�傚鎻忚堪鏁版嵁闆嗕腑瓒嬪娍鐨勪竴浜涚粺璁℃寚鏍囩О涓哄钩鍧囨暟锛涙弿杩?/p>
涓�