鍐呭鎽樿锛?/p>
濂虫�х殑瀹跺涵鏉冨埄鏄叾绀句細鏉冨埄鐨勯噸瑕佺粍鎴愰儴鍒嗭紝瀹冨寘鎷コ鎬у湪瀹跺涵鍐呯殑骞崇瓑鏉冨埄銆佽储浜?/p>
鏉冨埄銆佺敓鑲叉潈鍒╀互鍙婁汉韬畨鍏ㄦ潈鍒╃瓑銆傝繃鍘讳竴鐧惧勾鏉?/p>
涓浗
绀句細鐨勪紶缁熸枃鍖栥�佷腑鍏辨枃鍖栧拰鍟?/p>
鍝佺ぞ浼氭枃鍖栬繖涓夐噸鍘嬪姏閫犳垚浜嗗鏁板コ鎬х殑瀹跺涵鏉冨埄璐洶
[1].
褰撲唬涓浗绀句細鐨勪富娴佷环鍊艰蹇典富
寮犲コ鎬ц鍐呭鍏奸【銆佸伐浣滃搴袱涓嶈銆傚ぇ閮ㄥ垎濂虫�ч櫎浜嗗繀椤诲湪宸ヤ綔涓婂姫鍔涗笌鐢锋�х珵浜夊锛屽湪
瀹跺涵閲岃繕瑕佹壙鎷呭ぇ閮ㄥ垎瀹跺姟鍔冲姩銆傚敖绠＄ぞ浼氱殑鍗婃暟鎴愬憳鏄コ鎬э紝鑰屽コ鎬у绀句細鍜屽搴殑璐＄尞
鍙互璇翠篃瓒呭嚭鐢锋�?/p>
锛堣嚦灏戝氨杈涘姵绋嬪害鑰岃█鏄姝わ級
锛?/p>
浣嗗コ鏉冧富涔夌瓑
鐜颁唬
鐞嗚鍙婄浉搴旂殑鐮旂┒鍦?/p>
涓浗涓�鐩存湭鑾峰緱搴旀湁鐨勯噸瑙嗭紝杩欐洿澶х▼搴︿笂鏄ぞ浼氭枃鍖栬蹇电殑绾︽潫鎵�鑷淬�傛湰鏂囬�氳繃鍒嗘瀽濂虫�?/p>
鍦ㄥ搴腑鍦颁綅鐨?/p>
鍘嗗彶
婕斿彉锛屽叿浣撹�冨療濂逛滑鐨勫搴潈鍒╃殑鍚勪富瑕佹柟闈紝甯屾湜钘夋鑳戒績杩涘綋浠?/p>
濡囧コ瀛︿腑瀹跺涵鍏崇郴鍙婂コ鏉冮棶棰樼殑鐮旂┒銆?/p>
涓�銆佸コ鎬х殑绀句細鍦颁綅鍜屽湪瀹跺涵涓殑鍦颁綅
涓浗濂虫�у湪瀹跺涵涓殑鍦颁綅鍚戞潵涓嶉珮銆傚畫浠ｄ互鏉ュコ鎬у搴湴浣嶄綆涓嬬殑涓�涓吀鍨嬭〃鐜板氨鏄懅
娈嬪コ鎬х殑缂犺冻鐜拌薄锛屽畠棣栧厛鏄负浜嗗彇鎮︿簬鐢峰瓙鐨勫缇庨渶姹傚拰鎬ф鍋忓ソ锛屽悓鏃惰揩浣垮コ鎬ф繁灞呴椇
鎴匡紝涓嶉棶涓栦簨锛岀閿㈠涓紝鎴愪负鐢锋�х殑瀹跺ゴ鍜屾�уゴ銆?/p>
[2]
鏈夎タ鏂瑰鑰呰涓猴紝
鈥滅紶瓒虫槸涓�绉?/p>
鏀挎不
鏈哄埗锛屽畠鍙嶆槧鍜屽瓨缁簡濡囧コ绀句細鍜屽績鐞嗙殑鍔ｅ娍锛涚紶瓒冲皢濡囧コ鐗㈢墷鍦板浐瀹氬湪鐗瑰畾鐨勪綅缃�佺壒瀹?/p>
鐨勫姛鑳解�?/p>
锛岃�屼笖缂犺冻鍙堚�滄槸鍏紬鎬佸害锛屾槸澶т紬鏂囧寲鈹�鈹�瀹冩槸
10
涓笘绾腑鏁颁互鐧句竾璁＄殑濡囧コ浣?/p>
涓虹湡姝ｇ殑濂充汉鐨勭敓娲绘柟寮忕殑鍏抽敭鎵�鍦ㄢ�?/p>
銆?/p>
[3]
鈥滀簲鍥涒�濊繍鍔ㄤ互鏉ワ紝缂犺冻鐜拌薄閫愭笎搴熸锛?/p>
鈥滄柊鏂囧寲杩愬姩鈥濆甫鏉ヤ簡璁稿鏂扮殑椋庢皵锛屼絾瀹跺涵涓?/p>
鐨勫か鏉冭蹇点�佸コ鎬х殑鐩稿か鏁欏瓙鍔熻兘鍜屽コ瀛愮殑鈥滀笁浠庡洓寰封�濇枃鍖栵紝鍦ㄦ皯鍥芥椂鏈熶竴鐩村崰鎹富娴併�?/p>
鍦ㄥか鏉冧富瀵间笅鐨勫搴噷锛?/p>
濡诲瓙蹇呴』鍚懡浜庝笀澶紝
濂冲効蹇呴』鏈嶄粠浜庣埗姣嶏紝
濯冲蹇呴』鍚懡浜庡叕濠嗭紝
璁稿濂虫�х殑瀹跺涵鏉冪泭琚弗閲嶄镜鐘�傚挨鍏剁碂绯曠殑鏄紝瀹跺涵涓镜鐘コ鎬ф潈鐩婄殑涓昏渚靛鑰呭父甯镐篃
鏄コ鎬р攢鈹�濡傚﹩濠嗐�?/p>
鍚庢瘝銆?/p>
鈥滃骞村濡囩啲鎴愬﹩鈥?/p>
鐨勫﹩濠嗕滑缁忓父浠ヤ竴绉嶄笉鍋ュ悍鐨勫績鎬侊紝
閲嶅鑷繁
鐨勫﹩濠嗗綋骞寸殑鍘嬭揩鎵嬫锛岀敋鑷冲彉鏈姞鍘夊湴渚电姱濯冲鐨勬潈鐩婂拰浜鸿韩鑷敱銆傚悗姣嶈檺寰呴潪浜茬敓涔嬪コ
鍎跨殑鎯呭喌涔熸椂鏈夊彂鐢熴�傚嵆渚垮湪瀹朵腑鏈亣鍒板﹩濠嗘垨鍚庢瘝鐨勮揩瀹筹紝濂虫�т篃寰楅潰涓翠唬琛ㄧ埗鏉冪殑鐖朵翰
鍜屽叕鍏殑鍘嬪姏锛岀敺鎬у闀跨粡甯镐换鎰忓墺澶哄コ鎬у濮昏嚜涓诲拰
缁忔祹
鑷富鐨勬潈鍒┿�?/p>
1949
骞翠互鍚庯紝濡囧コ鐨勭ぞ浼氬湴浣嶅緱鍒颁簡鏀瑰杽锛屼絾濡囧コ瑙ｆ斁杩愬姩骞舵湭娣卞叆鍒板搴箣涓紝鏀挎不
杩愬姩鐨勯鏆翠篃鏈嵄鍙婂搴腑鐢蜂汉鐨勪紭瓒婂湴浣嶃�?/p>
铏界劧浼犵粺鏂囧寲榧撳惞鐨?/p>
鈥滀笁浠庘�?/p>
锛堝湪瀹朵粠鐖躲�?/p>
鍑哄珌
浠庡か銆?/p>
澶浠庡瓙锛?/p>
鏂囧寲鍙楀埌鏄庢樉鐨勫啿鍑伙紝
浣嗗湪姣涙辰涓滄椂浠ｅコ鎬у嵈鍙堝浜嗗彟澶栫殑
鈥滀簩浠庘�?/p>
锛?/p>
鍗?/p>
鈥滀粠
鍥藉鈥?/p>
銆?/p>
鈥滀粠鍗曚綅鈥?/p>
[4].1950
骞翠唬锛岃澶氬コ鎬ч潰涓粹�滅粍缁囦笂鈥濈殑鍘嬪姏锛屽湪闈╁懡鐨勫悕涔夊拰寮哄埗涔?/p>
涓嬶紝琚揩鏈嶄粠缁勭粐鈥滃垎閰嶁�?/p>
锛屼笌鈥滈闀库�濅滑缁撳悎銆傛斂搴滃叕鐒跺璁稿拰瀹瑰繊閭ｄ簺鈥滆�侀潻鍛解�濆枩鏂板帉
鏃э紝鎶涘純鑰佸鐨勨�滈粍鑴稿﹩鈥濆瀛愶紝涓庡勾杞绘紓浜殑鍩庡競灏忕煡璇嗗コ鎬х粨濠氥�?/p>
鈥滅粍缁囦笂鈥濈敤杩欑鏂规硶
瀵归偅浜?/p>
鈥滈潻鍛借嫳闆勨�?/p>
瀹炶浜嗘�цˉ鍋垮拰鎬ф姤绛旓紝
浣嗕紬澶氬皬鐭ヨ瘑濂虫�у嵈琚?/p>
鈥滈潻鍛解�?/p>
褰撲綔
鈥滄�хぜ鐗┾�?/p>
鍜屸�滄�уゴ闅垛�濇棤鍋胯禒涓庯紝鍏惰嚜鐢辨亱鐖辩殑鏉冨埄琚墺澶轰簡锛岃�屸�滈闀库�濅滑缁撳彂濡诲瓙鐨勫悎娉曟潈鐩婁篃
琚�滅粍缁囦笂鈥濆交搴曠牬鍧忎簡銆?/p>
20
涓栫邯
90
骞翠唬浠ユ潵锛?/p>
浼佷笟
鏅亶鍦ㄥ氨涓氥�佽柂璧勩�佹彁鍗囩瓑澶氭柟闈㈠濂虫�у憳宸ラ噰鍙栨瑙嗘�?/p>
鍋氭硶锛?/p>
濂虫�т笉浠呴毦鎵惧伐浣滐紝
鑰屼笖澶勫鍙楀埌绂忓埄鍜屽緟閬囦笂鐨勬瑙嗐�?/p>
鍏ㄥ浗濡囪仈
2001
骞寸浜屾濡囧コ
鍦颁綅璋冩煡鐨勭粨鏋滆〃鏄庯紝
浠?/p>
1990
鍒?/p>
1999
骞达紝
鍩庡競濂虫�т笌鐢锋�х殑宸ヨ祫姣旂巼浠?/p>
77.5
姣?/p>
100
涓嬮檷鍒?/p>
70.1
姣?/p>
100
锛?/p>
鑰屽湪
鍐滄潙
鍒欎粠
79
姣?/p>
100
涓嬮檷鍒?/p>
59.6
姣?/p>
100.
濂虫�хぞ浼氬湴浣嶇殑涓嬮檷
鑷劧
褰卞搷
鍒板ス浠湪瀹跺涵涓湴浣嶇殑涓嬮檷銆傞殢鐫�鍩庡競閲岃秺鏉ヨ秺澶氱殑濂虫�ц杩寮�鑱屽満銆侀��鍥炲搴紝鍩庡競澶?/p>
涓氳�呬腑涓嬪矖濂冲伐瓒婃潵瓒婂
[5].
閫�鍥炲涓殑濂虫�у敖绠′笉鍐嶅鍑鸿緵鑻﹀伐浣滐紝浣嗗績鐞嗗帇鍔涘拰鐥涜嫤鍗?/p>
鎴愬�嶅鍔犮�傞偅浜涗粛鍦ㄥ伐浣滅殑濂虫�у垯涓嶅緱涓嶉檷鏍间互姹傦紝涓嶄粎琚揩鎺ュ彈浣庡伐璧勩�佸皯绂忓埄鐨勬瑙嗭紝