銆?/p>
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鍙紪杈戜慨鏀?/p>
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鍚嶈憲瀵艰銆婃捣搴曚袱涓囬噷銆嬫暀妗?/p>
鏁欏鐩爣锛?/p>
1.
閫氳繃璇惧闃呰锛屽鐢熸劅鐭ュ苟浜ゆ祦鏁呬簨鎯呰妭锛屽煿鍏婚槄璇讳範鎯�?/p>
2.
瀛︿細骞惰繍鐢ㄨ涔︽柟娉曪紝鍏绘垚鑹ソ鐨勯槄璇讳範鎯�?/p>
3.
姊崇悊灏忚鎯呰妭锛屽垎鏋愪汉鐗╁舰璞°�?/p>
鏁欏閲嶇偣锛?/p>
瀛︿細骞惰繍鐢ㄨ涔︽柟娉曪紝鍏绘垚鑹ソ鐨勯槄璇讳範鎯�?/p>
鏁欏闅剧偣锛?/p>
鍒嗘瀽浜虹墿褰㈣薄銆?/p>
璇惧墠鍑嗗锛?/p>
甯堢敓鍏辫銆婃捣搴曚袱涓囬噷銆?/p>
鏁欏杩囩▼锛?/p>
涓�銆佸鍏ワ細
鏇剧粡鏈夎繖鏍蜂竴涓汉锛?/p>
鍦ㄤ汉绫绘病鏈夊彂鏄庣數鎶ョ殑鏃跺�欙紝浠栧皬璇翠腑鐨勪汉鐗╁凡缁忓湪鐢ㄧ數鎶ヤ紶閫掍俊鎭紱
鍦ㄤ汉绫昏繕娌″埗閫犲嚭椋炴満鐨勬椂鍊欙紝浠栧皬璇翠腑鐨勪汉鐗╁凡缁忛┚椹剁洿鍗囨満鏉ュ線锛?/p>
鍦ㄤ汉绫昏繕娌℃湁鐫�鎵嬬櫥鏈堝伐绋嬬殑鏃跺�欙紝浠栧皬璇翠腑鐨勪汉鐗╁凡缁忓潗鍦ㄤ竴棰楀ぇ鐐脊閲岋紝琚法鐐彂
灏勫埌鏈堢悆锛?/p>
鏄庣‘锛氬剴鍕?/p>
鈥?/p>
鍑″皵绾?/p>
锛堜竴锛変綔鑰呯畝浠?/p>
鍎掑嫆鈥㈠嚒灏旂撼
锛?/p>
1828---1905
锛?/p>
锛?/p>
娉曞浗钁楀悕鐨勭骞诲拰鎺㈤櫓灏忚瀹躲�?/p>
鍒涗綔浜嗚澶氱骞诲皬璇达紝
鍏朵腑鐨勭瀛﹀够鎯冲浠婂ぇ閮ㄥ垎宸插彉鎴愮幇瀹烇紝
鍥犳琚汉浠獕涓?/p>
鈥滅瀛︽椂浠ｇ殑棰勮█瀹垛�濆拰
鈥滅幇浠ｇ
瀛﹀够鎯冲皬璇翠箣鐖垛�?/p>
銆?/p>
鏈�鍏蜂唬琛ㄦ�х殑浣滃搧鏄?/p>
鈥滄捣娲嬩笁閮ㄦ洸鈥?/p>
锛?/p>
銆婃牸鍏扮壒鑸归暱鐨勫効濂炽�?/p>
銆婃捣搴曚袱涓囬噷銆?/p>
銆婄绉樺矝銆?/p>
銆?/p>
锛堜簩锛夊垱浣滆儗鏅?/p>
娉㈠叞浜烘皯鍙嶅娌欑殗鐙缁熸不鐨勮捣涔夐伃鍒版畫閰烽晣鍘嬫槸鍑″皵绾冲垱浣溿�婃捣搴曚袱涓囬噷銆嬬殑涓�涓?/p>
瀵肩伀绱€�?/p>
浠栧湪灏忚涓閫犱簡灏兼懇鑸归暱杩欎釜鍙嶅娌欑殗涓撳埗缁熸不鐨勯珮澶у舰璞★紝
璧嬩簣鍏跺己鐑堢殑绀句細
璐ｄ换鎰熷拰浜洪亾涓讳箟绮剧锛屼互姝ゆ潵琛ㄨ揪瀵圭幇瀹炵殑鎵瑰垽銆?/p>
浜屻�佽嚜瀛︽寚瀵?/p>
1.
鏁呬簨鎯呰妭
銆婃捣搴曚袱涓囬噷銆嬩富瑕佽杩?/p>
鐨勬晠浜嬨�?/p>
1866
骞存湁浜轰互涓哄湪娴蜂笂鐪嬪埌浜嗕竴
鏉?/p>
锛?/p>
娉曞浗鐢熺墿瀛﹀
鏈�鍚庡彂鐜伴偅鏄竴鑹樺悕涓?/p>
鐨勬綔鑹囷紝
骞朵笖甯︾潃浠?/p>
浜?/p>
鍜屼竴涓崟椴告墜
锛岃
鍥氱鍦ㄨ繖鑹樻綔鑹囧仛浜?/p>
鐨?/p>
鐜悆鏃呰銆?/p>
2.
涓昏浜虹墿
灏兼懇鑸归暱
姣斿焹灏斺�㈤樋榫欑撼鏂?/p>
搴峰灏?/p>
灏煎痉路鍏?/p>
3.
灏兼懇鑸归暱鍜岄樋榫欑撼鏂湪娴峰簳鐜悆鎺㈤櫓鏃呰鏃讹紝缁忓巻浜嗚澶氶櫓鎯咃紝璇锋鎷嚭涓夋闄╂儏銆?/p>
鎼佹祬銆佸湡浜哄洿鏀汇�佸悓椴ㄩ奔鎼忔枟銆佸啺灞卞皝璺�佺珷楸艰鍑?/p>
4.
浣犺兘璇村嚭銆婃捣搴曚袱涓囬噷銆嬩腑鏈�鍚稿紩浣犵殑涓変釜鎯呰妭鍚楋紵
锛?/p>
1
锛夊凹鎽╄埞闀垮媷鏂楅波楸兼晳閲囩彔浜恒�?/p>
锛?/p>
2
锛夊凹鎽╄埞闀垮搥鐥涘湴甯︾潃閫佽懍闃熶紞锛屾妸閲嶄激鑷存鐨勮埞鍛樺煁鍦ㄦ捣搴曞厜褰╁ず鐩�佺懓涓芥棤姣?