鍗曞厓璇硶灏忎笓棰?/p>
(
Grammar Focus
)
璇硶绮捐
杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃?/p>
1
.
杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃剁殑姒傚康
杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃惰〃绀哄湪杩囧幓鐨勬煇涓�鏃堕棿鎴栧姩浣滀箣鍓嶅凡缁忓畬鎴愮殑鍔ㄤ綔锛屽嵆琛ㄧず鈥滆繃鍘荤殑
杩囧幓鈥濄�?/p>
2
.
杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃剁殑鍚勭鍙ュ紡缁撴瀯
杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃舵槸鐢扁�滃姪鍔ㄨ瘝
had
锛嬪姩璇嶇殑杩囧幓鍒嗚瘝鈥濇瀯鎴愮殑锛?/p>
had
鐢ㄤ簬鍚勭浜虹О鍜屾暟銆?/p>
(1)
鑲畾鍙?/p>
:
涓昏锛?/p>
had
锛嬪姩璇嶇殑杩囧幓鍒嗚瘝锛嬪叾浠?/p>
.
(2)
鍚﹀畾鍙?/p>
:
涓昏锛?/p>
had
锛?/p>
not
锛嬪姩璇嶇殑杩囧幓鍒嗚瘝锛嬪叾浠?/p>
.
(3)
涓�鑸枒闂彞
:Had
锛嬩富璇紜鍔ㄨ瘝鐨勮繃鍘诲垎璇嶏紜鍏朵粬锛?/p>
鑲畾鍥炵瓟
: Yes
锛屼富璇紜
had.
鍚﹀畾鍥炵瓟
:No
锛屼富璇紜
hadn't.
(4)
鐗规畩鐤戦棶鍙?/p>
:
鐗规畩鐤戦棶璇嶆垨璇嶇粍锛嬩竴鑸枒闂彞
(
鍗?/p>
:had
锛嬩富璇紜鍔ㄨ瘝鐨勮繃鍘诲垎璇嶏紜鍏?/p>
浠?/p>
)?
(5)
琚姩璇�?/p>
:
涓昏锛?/p>
had(not)
锛?/p>
been
锛嬪姩璇嶇殑杩囧幓鍒嗚瘝锛嬪叾浠?/p>
.
3
.
杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃剁殑鍒ゆ柇渚濇嵁
(1)
鐢辨椂闂寸姸璇潵鍒ゅ畾
涓�鑸鏉ワ紝鍚勭鏃舵�侀兘鏈夌壒瀹氱殑鏃堕棿鐘惰銆備笌杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃惰繛鐢ㄧ殑鏃堕棿鐘惰鏈?/p>
by/by
the
end of/before
锛嬭繃鍘荤殑鏃堕棿鐐癸紝
by the time
锛嬩竴鑸繃鍘绘椂浠庡彞绛夈�傚
:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
鍒版槰澶╂櫄涓婁節鐐归挓锛?/p>
鎴戝凡缁忚瀹?/p>
杩欓儴灏忚銆?/p>
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
鍒颁笂瀛︽湡鏈紝鎴戜滑
宸茬粡瀛﹀畬浜嗚秴杩囦袱鍗冧釜鑻辫鍗曡瘝浜嗐�?/p>
The bus had already left by the time/when I got there.
鎴戝埌杈鹃偅閲屾椂锛?/p>
鍏叡姹借溅宸茬粡绂诲紑浜嗐�?/p>
(2)
鐢扁�滆繃鍘荤殑杩囧幓鈥濇潵鍒ゅ畾
杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃惰〃绀衡�滆繃鍘荤殑杩囧幓鈥濓紝
鏄寚杩囧幓鏌愪竴鍔ㄤ綔涔嬪墠宸茬粡鍙戠敓鎴栧畬鎴愮殑鍔ㄤ綔锛?/p>
鍗冲姩
浣滄湁鍏堝悗鍏崇郴锛屽姩浣滃湪鍓嶇殑鐢ㄨ繃鍘诲畬鎴愭椂锛屽湪鍚庣殑鐢ㄤ竴鑸繃鍘绘椂銆傝繖绉嶇敤娉曞父鍑虹幇鍦?/p>
:
鈶?/p>
瀹捐浠庡彞涓?/p>
褰撳璇粠鍙ョ殑涓诲彞涓轰竴鑸繃鍘绘椂锛?/p>
涓斾粠鍙ョ殑鍔ㄤ綔鍏堜簬涓诲彞鐨勫姩浣滄椂锛?/p>
浠庡彞瑕佺敤杩囧幓瀹屾垚
鏃躲�傚湪
told
锛?/p>
said
锛?/p>
knew
锛?/p>
heard
锛?/p>
thought
绛夊姩璇嶅悗鐨勫璇粠鍙ヨ鐢ㄨ繃鍘诲畬鎴愭椂銆傚
:
She said that she had seen the film before.
濂硅濂逛互鍓嶇湅杩囪繖閮ㄧ數褰便�?/p>
鈶?/p>
鐘惰浠庡彞涓?/p>
鍦ㄦ椂闂淬�佹潯浠躲�佸師鍥犮�佹柟寮忕瓑鐘惰浠庡彞涓紝涓汇�佷粠鍙ョ殑鍔ㄤ綔鍙戠敓鏈夊厛鍚庡叧绯伙紝鍔ㄤ綔鍦ㄥ墠
鐨勶紝瑕佺敤杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃讹紝鍔ㄤ綔鍦ㄥ悗鐨勮鐢ㄤ竴鑸繃鍘绘椂銆傚
:
After he had finished his homework
锛?/p>
he went to bed.
浠栧畬鎴愪綔涓氬悗灏变笂搴婄潯瑙変簡銆?/p>
娉ㄦ剰
: before
锛?/p>
after
寮曞鐨勬椂闂寸姸璇粠鍙ヤ腑锛?/p>
鐢变簬
before
鍜?/p>
after
鏈韩宸茶〃杈句簡鍔ㄤ綔鐨?/p>
鍏堝悗鍏崇郴锛岃嫢涓诲彞銆佷粠鍙ヨ〃绀虹殑鍔ㄤ綔绱у瘑鐩歌繛锛屽垯涓诲彞銆佷粠鍙ラ兘鐢ㄤ竴鑸繃鍘绘椂銆傚
:
Where did you study before you came here
锛熶綘鏉ュ埌杩欏効鍓嶅湪鍝効瀛︿範锛?/p>
After he closed the door
锛?/p>
he left the classroom.
浠栧叧涓婇棬鍚庡氨绂诲紑浜嗘暀瀹ゃ�?/p>
(3)
鏍规嵁涓娿�佷笅鏂囨潵鍒ゅ畾銆?/p>
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
鎴?/p>
鏄ㄥぉ鍦ㄨ涓婄瑙佺帇娑涗簡銆傝嚜浠庝粬鍘讳簡鍖椾含锛屾垜浠氨娌¤杩囬潰浜嗐�?/p>
4
.
杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃剁殑涓昏鐢ㄦ硶
(1)
杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃惰〃绀轰竴涓姩浣滄垨鐘舵�佸湪杩囧幓鏌愪竴鏃堕棿鎴栧姩浣滀箣鍓嶅凡缁忓畬鎴愭垨缁撴潫锛屽嵆鍙?