apa
涓枃璁烘枃鏍煎紡
銆愮瘒涓�锛?/p>
apa_
璁烘枃鏍煎紡涓枃鐗堛�?/p>
椤靛ご涔﹀悕锛氳鏂囩煭鏍囬锛堜笉瓒呰繃
50
涓瓧绗︼級
鏍囬
浣滆�?/p>
浣滆�呭叧绯?/p>
鎽樿
鎽樿搴旇鏄竴涓钀斤紝涓嶈兘瓒呰繃
120
涓瓧銆傚畠姒傛嫭浜嗚鏂囦腑鏈�閲嶈
鐨勭粍鎴愰儴鍒嗐�傞櫎浣滀负鍙ュ瓙璧峰ご鐨勬暟瀛椾箣澶栵紝鎽樿涓墍鏈夋暟瀛楅兘搴旇
浠ラ樋鎷変集鏁板瓧鑰屼笉鏄枃瀛楃殑褰㈠紡杈撳叆銆傝缁熻鏈鐨勫瓧鏁帮紝鍙互閫?/p>
鎷╄娈佃惤锛岀劧鍚庡湪
鈥?/p>
宸ュ叿
鈥?/p>
鑿滃崟涓婂崟鍑?/p>
鈥?/p>
瀛楁暟缁熻
鈥?/p>
銆?/p>
璁烘枃鏍囬
璁烘枃鐨勫紑澶存槸搴忚█銆傚湪鍐欎綔鏃跺簲浣跨敤涓诲姩璇�侊紝涓嶈鐢ㄨ鍔ㄨ鎬併�?/p>
璇ユā鏉跨殑鏍煎紡閬电収
apa
鏍峰紡鍑嗗垯锛氫笂銆佷笅銆佸乏銆佸彸鐨勯〉杈硅窛閮戒负
1
鑻卞锛涘瓧浣撲负
鈥?/p>
瀹嬩綋
鈥?/p>
锛屽ぇ灏忎负
12
纾咃紱
2
鍊嶈璺濓紱宸﹀榻愶紱娈佃惤缂╄繘
5-7
涓┖鏍笺�傞〉鐮佹樉绀哄湪璺濇瘡椤甸琛屽彸渚?/p>
1
鑻卞鐨勪綅缃紝涓嶅寘鎷浘椤点�?/p>
鏍囬
浣跨敤鏍囬鍜屽壇鏍囬缁勭粐璁烘枃鐨勫悇涓儴鍒嗐�傜涓�绾ф爣棰樼殑鏍煎紡鏄瀛?/p>
姣嶅ぇ鍐欏苟涓斿湪椤甸潰涓婂眳涓�備笉瑕佷负姣忎釜鏍囬鍙﹁捣涓�椤点�?/p>
鍓爣棰?/p>
鍓爣棰樼殑鏍煎紡涓烘枩浣擄紝宸﹀榻愩�?/p>
寮曠敤
璁烘枃姝ｆ枃鎵�寮曠敤鐨勫師濮嬭憲浣滃繀椤绘敞鏄庝綔鑰呭拰鏃ユ湡銆傝鏂囨鏂囧悗闈㈢殑
寮曠敤鍒楄〃涓細鍒楀嚭鏁翠釜鍘熻憲鐨勫紩鐢ㄣ�傚綋鍘熻憲浣滆�呭鍚嶆槸鍙ュ瓙褰㈠紡缁?/p>
鏋勭殑涓�閮ㄥ垎鏃讹紝鍑虹増骞翠唤搴旇鍦ㄤ綔鑰呭鍚嶅悗鐢ㄦ嫭鍙锋爣鏄庯紝渚嬪锛?/p>
smith (2001)
銆傚綋鍘熻憲浣滆�呭鍚嶄笉鏄彞瀛愬舰寮忕粨鏋勭殑缁勬垚閮ㄥ垎鏃讹紝浣?/p>
鑰呭強鍑虹増骞翠唤閮藉彲浠ユ斁鍦ㄦ嫭鍙峰唴锛岀敤鍒嗗彿闅斿紑锛屼緥濡傦細锛?/p>
smith
鍜?/p>
jones
锛?/p>
2001
锛?/p>
anderson
銆?/p>
charles
鍜?/p>
johnson
锛?/p>
2003
锛夈�傚綋寮曠敤
鐨勫師钁楁湁
3
鍒?/p>
5
涓綔鑰呮椂锛岀涓�娆″紩鐢ㄦ椂椤绘敞鏄庢墍鏈変綔鑰呫�傚啀娆″紩
鐢ㄦ椂锛屽彧椤绘彁鍙婄涓�涓綔鑰呯殑濮撳悕锛屽悗闈㈡敞鏄?/p>
鈥?/p>
绛変汉
鈥?/p>
瀛楁牱銆傝鍙傝
涓嬩竴娈典腑鐨勪妇渚嬨�?/p>
浣跨敤姝ゆ爣鍑?/p>
apa
鏍峰紡
鈥?/p>
灏嗕細缁欏甯堢暀涓嬭壇濂界殑鍗拌薄
鈥?smith, 2001)
銆?/p>
anderson
鏁欐巿锛?/p>
anderson
銆?/p>
charles
鍜?/p>
johnson
锛?/p>
2003
锛夊湪
2003
骞翠篃纭浜嗚繖涓�鐐广�?/p>