涓�銆侀噾铻嶆敮鎸佺爺绌剁幇鐘?/p>
鍥藉瀛﹁�呭浜庨噾铻嶆敮鎸佺殑鐮旂┒涓昏闆嗕腑鍦ㄩ噾铻嶅彂灞曞缁忔祹鍙戝睍鐨勫叧绯荤爺绌躲�?/p>
閲戣瀺鍙戝睍涓?/p>
浜т笟鍙戝睍鐨勫叧绯荤爺绌朵互鍙婇噾铻嶅彂灞曚笌浼佷笟鍙戝睍鐨勫叧绯荤爺绌朵笁涓笉鍚屽眰闈㈢殑鐮旂┒銆?/p>
鏃╂湡鐨勭爺绌?/p>
涓昏鍋滅暀鍦ㄥ畯瑙傚眰闈㈠拰璺ㄥ浗灞傞潰锛?/p>
寰楀嚭鐨勪富瑕佺粨璁烘槸锛?/p>
閲戣瀺瀵圭粡娴庡彂灞曟湁閲嶈浣滅敤銆?/p>
闅忕潃鐞?/p>
璁虹殑鍙戝睍锛岄�愭笎娣卞叆鍒拌涓氬眰闈㈠拰浼佷笟灞傞潰銆?/p>
1
锛庨噾铻嶅彂灞曞缁忔祹鍙戝睍鐨勫叧绯荤爺绌?/p>
1912
骞达紝鐔婂郊鐗瑰湪鍏惰憲浣溿�婄粡娴庡彂灞曠悊璁恒�嬩腑鎸囧嚭閲戣瀺浣撶郴鐨勫彂灞曞缁忔祹杩愯鍏锋湁绉瀬
鐨勬剰涔夈�?/p>
浠栬涓洪噾铻嶆満鏋勭殑杩愯鍙互鎻愰珮璧勬湰鐨勯厤缃晥鐜囷紝
浣胯祫鏈厤缃埌鍏锋湁楂樺垱閫犳�х殑瀹?/p>
浣撲腑鍘伙紱闄ゆ锛岃繕鍙互娑堥櫎鍦ㄨ繖鍏朵腑鐨勯亾寰烽闄╋紝杩涜�屽噺灏戣浆绉绘垚鏈?/p>
[1]
銆?/p>
1966
骞达紝甯曠壒閲?/p>
鍏嬶紙
Patrick
锛夊娆犲彂杈惧浗瀹剁殑閲戣瀺鍙戝睍涓庣粡娴庡闀跨殑鍏崇郴杩涜鐮旂┒锛屾彁鍑轰簡閲戣瀺鍙戝睍鍜岀粡娴?/p>
澧為暱鍏崇郴鐮旂┒涓殑涓ょ鏂规硶锛?/p>
闇�姹傚甫鍔?/p>
锛?/p>
Demand Following
锛?/p>
娉曞拰渚涚粰寮曞
锛?/p>
Supply Leading
锛?/p>
娉曪紝骞舵寚鍑哄湪缁忔祹鍙戝睍鏃╂湡锛屼緵缁欓鍏堝瀷閲戣瀺灞呬簬涓诲鍦颁綅锛?/p>
闅忕潃缁忔祹鐨勫彂灞曪紝闇�姹傝拷闅忓瀷
閲戣瀺閫愭笎灞呬簬涓诲鍦颁綅銆備粬鐨勬�濇兂涓哄悗鏉ラ噾铻嶅彂灞曠悊璁虹殑鍙戝睍濂犲畾浜嗗熀纭�
[2]
銆?/p>
Goldsmith
锛?/p>
1969
锛?/p>
[1]
鎶婂悇绉嶇殑閲戣瀺鐜拌薄鎬荤粨涓洪噾铻嶅伐鍏枫�侀噾铻嶆満鏋勫拰閲戣瀺缁撴瀯涓変釜鍩烘湰鏂归潰锛岃繕鎻?/p>
鍑轰簡閲戣瀺鐩稿叧姣旂巼绛変竴鍥介噾铻嶇粨鏋勪笌閲戣瀺鍙戝睍姘村钩鐨勫瓨閲忓拰娴侀噺鎸囨爣锛?/p>
寮�鍒涗簡閲戣瀺鍙戝睍涓庣粡
娴庡彂灞曞叧绯诲疄璇佺爺绌剁殑鍏堟渤銆?/p>
1973
骞达紝楹﹂噾鍐滐紙
Mckinnon
锛?/p>
[4]
鍜岃倴锛?/p>
Shaw
锛?/p>
[5]
鍒嗗埆浠?/p>
鈥滈噾铻嶆繁鍖栤�濆拰
鈥滈噾铻嶆姂鍒垛�濈殑瑙掑害鍒嗘瀽浜嗗彂灞曚腑鍥藉閲戣瀺娣卞寲鐨勯棶棰樸�備粬浠涓鸿传绌峰浗瀹?/p>
搴旇閫氳繃鏀垮簻鐨勪綔鐢ㄨВ鍐抽噾铻嶆姂鍒剁殑闂锛?/p>
浠庤�屽疄鐜伴噾铻嶈嚜鐢卞寲锛?/p>
浠ュ甫鍔ㄧ粡娴庣殑鍙戝睍銆?/p>
鍥藉唴
鐜嬪織寮恒�佸瓩鍒氾紙
2003
锛変粠瑙勬ā銆佺粨鏋勩�佹晥鐜囦笁鏂归潰鍒嗘瀽閲戣瀺鍙戝睍涓庣粡娴庡闀跨殑鍏崇郴锛屽垎鍒?/p>
閲囩敤閲戣瀺鐩稿叧姣旂巼銆佺粨鏋勬寚鏍囥�佹晥鐜囨寚鏍囷紝鍚屾椂寮曞叆鎶曡祫銆佽繘鍑哄彛棰濄�侀浂鍞晢鍝佷环
鏍兼寚鏁颁綔涓烘帶鍒跺彉閲忥紝閫氳繃鍗忔暣鍒嗘瀽锛屽緱鍑轰笁鑰呭潎涓庣粡娴庡闀块珮搴︾浉鍏筹紝鏍煎叞鏉板洜鏋滃叧
绯绘楠屾樉绀轰笁涓寚鏍囦笌缁忔祹澧為暱瀛樺湪鍙屽悜鍥犳灉鍏崇郴
[19]
銆?/p>
鍙叉案涓滅瓑
锛?/p>
2003
锛?/p>
[20]
銆?/p>
闄堝垰
锛?/p>
2006
锛?/p>
[21]
绛変篃寰楀嚭鐩哥被浼肩殑缁撹銆?/p>
2
锛庨噾铻嶅彂灞曚笌浜т笟鍙戝睍鐨勫叧绯荤爺绌?/p>
Bagehot
锛?/p>
1873
锛?/p>
[3]
杈冩棭瀵归噾铻嶅拰浜т笟涔嬮棿鍏崇郴杩涜浜嗙爺绌躲�備粬鎸囧嚭鍦ㄨ嫳鍥藉伐涓氶潻鍛?/p>
涓紝閲戣瀺鐨勫彂灞曞ぇ澶у噺杞讳簡澶ч」鐩殑铻嶈祫闅鹃锛屽宸ヤ笟闈╁懡鐨勯『鍒╂帹杩涜捣鍒颁簡鍏抽敭鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ�?/p>
1969
骞达紝
Hicks
鎸囧嚭
18
涓栫邯
60
骞翠唬鑻卞浗鐨勨�滈噾铻嶉潻鍛解�濆拰璧勬湰甯傚満鐨勫彂灞曞ぇ澶ф弧瓒?/p>
浜嗗伐涓氶潻鍛戒腑澶ц妯＄殑闀挎湡鍊熸鐨勯渶姹傦紝浠庤�屾帹鍔ㄤ簡宸ヤ笟闈╁懡鐨勫彂鐢熴�傝繘涓�姝ュ畬鍠勫彂灞曚簡
Bagehot
锛?/p>
1873
锛夌殑璇存硶
[9]
銆傝繘鍏?/p>
90
骞翠唬锛屽悇鍥藉鑰呭閲戣瀺涓庝骇涓氶棿鐨勫叧绯昏繘琛屼簡骞挎硾