1
绗竴绔?/p>
缁
瀛︽椂鍒嗛厤
锛?/p>
2
瀛︽椂銆?/p>
閲嶇偣鍐呭
锛氭祦琛岀梾瀛︾殑姒傚康銆佸師鐞嗗強搴旂敤銆?/p>
鍩烘湰鍐呭
锛?/p>
涓�銆佹蹇典笌鐮旂┒鑼冨洿
杩戞暟鍗佸勾鏉ワ紝闅忕潃鍗卞浜虹被鐢熷懡鎴栧仴搴风柧鐥呰氨鐨勫彉鍖栵紝闅忕潃鍖诲妯″紡鐢卞崟绾敓鐗╁鍚戠敓鐗╁銆佸績鐞?/p>
瀛︺�?/p>
绀句細鍖诲鐩哥粨鍚堟ā寮忕殑杞彉锛?/p>
娴佽鐥呭鐨勭爺绌跺璞°�?/p>
鐮旂┒鏂规硶銆?/p>
鐮旂┒鍐呭涔熷湪涓嶆柇鍙戝睍銆?/p>
鍒扮幇鍦ㄤ负姝紝
姣旇緝涓�鑷磋鍙殑娴佽鐥呭瀹氫箟涓猴細娴佽鐥呭鏄爺绌剁柧鐥呫�佸仴搴峰拰鍗敓浜嬩欢锛?/p>
health event
锛夌殑鍒嗗竷鍙婂叾鍐?/p>
瀹氬洜绱狅紝閫氳繃鐮旂┒鎻愬嚭鍚堢悊鐨勯闃蹭繚鍋ュ绛栧拰鎺柦锛屽苟璇勪环杩欎簺瀵圭瓥鍜屾帾鏂界殑鏁堟灉銆傚叾鐮旂┒瀵硅薄宸茬敱浠呯爺
绌朵紶鏌撶梾鎵╁ぇ鍒伴潪浼犳煋鎬х柧鐥咃紝鍙堜粠鐤剧梾鎵╁ぇ銆佸紩浼稿埌鍋ュ悍鍜屼笌鍋ュ悍鏈夊叧鐨勪簨浠讹紱鐮旂┒鍐呭鏃㈠寘鎷簡鎻忚堪
鈥滃垎甯冣�?/p>
锛屽垎鏋愨�滃喅瀹氬洜绱犫�?/p>
锛屽張鍖呮嫭浜嗙爺绌躲�佹彁鍑恒�佽瘎浠烽闃层�佷繚鍋ョ殑瀵圭瓥涓庢帾鏂姐�傜敱姝ゅ彲瑙佹祦琛岀梾瀛︽棦
鏄竴闂ㄦ柟娉曞锛屽張鏄竴闂ㄥ簲鐢ㄦ�у緢寮虹殑瀛︾銆傚叾鐮旂┒鑼冨洿宸插寘鎷簡涓庝汉绫荤柧鐥呮垨鍋ュ悍鏈夊叧鐨勪竴鍒囬棶棰樸�?/p>
闅忕潃娴佽鐥呭鐮旂┒鑼冨洿涓庡唴瀹圭殑鍙戝睍鍙婂叾鐮旂┒鏂规硶鐨勪笉鏂繁鍏ワ紝浠ュ強闅忕潃鍏跺畠鐩稿叧瀛︾鐨勫彂灞曞拰涓�
浜涙柊鐨勫绉戝鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛︺�佽瘎浼板鐨勫嚭鐜帮紝杩涗竴姝ヤ績杩涗簡娴佽鐥呭鍘熸湁鍐呭鐨勮鍖栵紝閫愭褰㈡垚浜嗚澶氭祦琛?/p>
鐥呭鍒嗘敮銆傚琛�娓呮祦琛岀梾瀛︺�佺幆澧冩祦琛岀梾瀛︺�佽亴涓氭祦琛岀梾瀛︺�佷复搴婃祦琛岀梾瀛︺�佺鐞嗘祦琛岀梾瀛︺�佺Щ姘戞祦琛岀梾
瀛︺�侀仐浼犳祦琛岀梾瀛︺�佸垎瀛愭祦琛岀梾瀛︺�佷激瀹虫祦琛岀梾瀛︾瓑绛夈�?/p>
浜屻�佹祦琛岀梾瀛﹀師鐞?/p>
锛堜竴锛夌柧鐥呭垎甯冨師鐞?/p>
鐮旂┒鐤剧梾鍦ㄤ汉缇や腑鐨勮〃鐜板舰寮忓嵆鍒嗗竷
锛?/p>
distribution
锛?/p>
锛?/p>
鏍规嵁鍒嗗竷鐗圭偣锛?/p>
鎺㈣鐤剧梾鍙戠敓鎴栨祦琛岀殑瑙勫緥锛?/p>
涓虹柧鐥呯殑棰勯槻瀵圭瓥鎴栨帾鏂界殑鍒惰鎻愪緵渚濇嵁锛屾槸娴佽鐥呭鐨勫熀鏈師鐞嗕箣涓�銆?/p>
鈥滅柧鐥呪�濆寘鎷墍鏈夌柧鐥呭浼犳煋
鎬х柧鐥呫�侀潪浼犳煋鎬х柧鐥咃紙濡傝偪鐦ゃ�佸績鑴戣绠＄梾绛夛級
锛屽仴搴风姸鍐甸櫎鏄惁缃规偅鐤剧梾涔嬪锛屽皻鍖呮嫭绮剧鐘跺喌銆佸績
鐞嗙姸鍐点�佺幆澧冮�傚簲绛夛紱涓庡仴搴锋湁鍏崇殑鍗敓浜嬩欢濡傜伨瀹炽�佷激瀹充互鍙婂崼鐢熸湇鍔＄瓑绛夈�?/p>
鈥滃垎甯冣�濇秹鍙婄柧鐥呯殑娴佽锛?/p>
Epidemic
锛?/p>
銆佺垎鍙戯紙
outbreak
锛夊拰灏戞暟鐥呬緥銆傚嵆鍖呭惈娴佽鐘舵�侊紝涔熷寘鍚簡
闈炴祦琛岀姸鎬侊紱鏃㈢爺绌剁兢浣撲腑娑夊強鐥呬緥鏁拌緝澶氱殑娴佽杩囩▼锛屼篃鐮旂┒娑夊強灏戞暟鐥呬緥鐨勭浉瀵归潤姝㈢姸鎬併�?/p>
锛堜簩锛夌梾鍥犺涓庡洜鏋滄帹鏂?/p>
1
锛庣柧鐥呯梾鍥犺
鍗佷節涓栫邯鏈紝
Pasteur
绛夐鍏堣瘉鏄庝簡鏌愪簺鍔ㄧ墿涓庝汉绫荤殑鐤剧梾鏄敱寰敓鐗╂劅鏌撴墍鑷达紝
涓嶅悓鐨勭梾鍘熷井鐢熺墿鍙鑷翠笉鍚岀殑鐤剧梾銆備互鍚庨殢鐫�鐥呭師寰敓鐗╃殑涓嶆柇琚彂鐜帮紝閫愭笎褰㈡垚浜嗙柧鐥呭彂鐢熺殑鍗曠梾鍥?/p>
璁烘垨鐗瑰紓鐥呭洜璁恒�傛嵁姝?/p>
Koch
绛夋彁鍑轰簡鍥犳灉鍏崇郴鐨勫垽鏂爣鍑嗭紝鍗?/p>
Henle-Koch
鏍囧噯銆傝鐥呭洜鐞嗚鍙婂洜鏋滃叧绯?/p>
鐨勫垽鏂爣鍑嗭紝鍦ㄥ尰瀛︾瀛︾殑杩涙涓浘鍙戞尌浜嗛噸瑕佷綔鐢ㄣ�傞殢鐫�瀵圭柧鐥呭彂鐢熷強娴佽鐞嗚璁よ瘑鐨勪笉鏂繁鍏ワ紝浠ュ強
娴佽鐥呭鐮旂┒鑼冨洿鐨勬墿灞曪紝浜轰滑閫愭笎鍙戠幇鍗曚竴鐥呭洜骞朵笉鎬讳互瀵艰嚧鐤剧梾鐨勫彂鐢燂紝鐗瑰埆鏄笉鑳介�備簬瀵逛竴浜涙參鎬?/p>
闈炰紶鏌撴�х柧鐥呯殑鐥呭洜鎺㈣銆傚洜姝や笉鏂湁瀛﹁�呮彁鍑轰簡涓�浜涙柊鐨勭梾鍥犲璇达紝閫愭笎褰㈡垚浜嗗鐥呭洜璁猴紝褰㈡垚浜嗗綋浠?/p>
鐨勭梾鍥犳蹇点�傚涓夎妯″瀷锛?/p>
Gorden
锛?/p>
Ront
绛夛級
锛涜疆鐘舵ā鍨嬶紙
Susser
绛夛級
锛岀梾鍥犵綉缁滃璇达紙
Macmahon
绛夛級
銆傚
鐥呭洜璁轰笌鍖诲妯″紡鐨勮浆鍙樻槸鍚屾鐨勶紝
瀵圭柧鐥呯梾鍥犵殑娴佽鐥呭鐮旂┒锛?/p>
鐗瑰埆鏄涓�浜涚梾鍥犲鏉傜柧鐥呯梾鍥犵殑鐮旂┒銆?/p>
鎺㈣鍙婂叾骞查鎻愪緵浜嗙悊璁轰緷鎹�?/p>
2
锛?/p>
鍥犳灉鎺ㄦ柇鍘熷垯
闅忕潃鐤剧梾鐥呭洜鐞嗚鐨勪笉鏂彂灞曪紝
浜轰滑鍙戠幇
Henle-Koch
鍑嗗垯宸蹭笉閫傚簲鐤剧梾鐥呭洜鐨?/p>
鐮旂┒闇�瑕併�傚嚑鍗佸勾鏉ワ紝璁稿瀛﹁�呭鍥犮�佹灉鎺ㄨ涓殑鍑嗗垯鎴栨爣鍑嗚繘琛屼簡澶氭鐨勪慨姝ｄ笌琛ュ厖锛屽
Hill
锛?/p>
1965
锛?/p>
锛?/p>
Evans
锛?/p>
1976
锛?/p>
锛?/p>
Lilienfeld
锛?/p>
1994
锛夌瓑锛岄�愭笎褰㈡垚浜嗛�傚簲褰撲唬娴佽鐥呭鐥呭洜鐮旂┒涓庣柧鐥呮帶鍒剁殑鍥犳灉鍒ゆ柇鏍?/p>
鍑嗐�?/p>
锛堜笁锛?/p>
鐤剧梾鎺у埗涓庝績杩涘仴搴风殑绛栫暐
鏍规嵁浼犳煋鐥呯殑娴佽鐞嗚寤虹珛璧锋潵鐨勬秷鐏紶鏌撴簮銆?/p>
鍒囨柇浼犳挱閫斿緞銆?/p>
淇濇姢鏄撴劅浜虹兢鐨勭柧鐥呮帶鍒跺绛栧湪瀵逛紶鏌撴�х柧鐥呯殑棰勯槻銆佹帶鍒朵腑鏇剧粡鍙戞尌浜嗗苟灏嗙户缁彂鎸ュ叾閲嶅ぇ鐨勪綔鐢ㄣ�傚
鍦ㄦ垜鍥斤紝鏂颁腑鍥芥垚绔嬩互鏉ワ紝鍦ㄢ�滈闃蹭负涓烩�濈殑鍗敓鏀跨瓥鎸囧紩涓嬶紝浼犳煋鐥呭緱鍒颁簡闈炲父鏈夋晥鐨勬帶鍒讹紝璁稿鐑堟�?/p>
浼犳煋鐥呭強瀵勭敓铏梾琚秷鐏垨琚帶鍒躲�?/p>
80
骞翠唬浠ュ悗鎴戝浗鎬ユ�т紶鏌撶梾宸查�愭笎杞彉涓轰互鐥㈢柧銆?/p>
鐥呮瘨鎬ц倽鐐庣瓑楂樺彂
鐥呯巼浣庢浜＄巼鐨勮偁閬撲紶鏌撶梾涓轰富锛?/p>
浼犳煋鐥呭湪鍩庝埂灞呮皯姝诲洜鏋勬垚涓殑浣嶆鍧囧凡浠庤В鏀惧垵鏈熺殑绗?/p>
1
浣嶉��鑷崇
10
浣嶅乏鍙炽�傚湪瀵规參鎬ч潪浼犳煋鎬х柧鐥呭彂鐢熴�佹祦琛屽強鍏舵帶鍒剁殑鐮旂┒銆佹帰璁ㄤ腑锛岄�愭笎褰㈡垚骞朵笉鏂畬鍠勪簡涓夌骇棰勯槻鐨?/p>
姒傚康銆傜涓�绾ч闃蹭害绉扮梾鍥犻闃诧紝鍗抽拡瀵逛笌鐤剧梾鍙戠敓涓庢祦琛屾湁鍏崇殑鍥犵礌閲囧彇瀵圭瓥锛岄伩鍏嶆垨鍑忓皯瀵瑰嵄闄╁洜绱?/p>
鐨勬毚闇诧紝浠庤�屽噺灏戞垨寤剁紦鐤剧梾鐨勫彂鐢燂紱绗簩绾ч闃插嵆閫氳繃涓�瀹氱殑鎺柦濡傜柧鐥呯瓫妫�銆佹櫘鏌ョ瓑鏃╂湡鍙戠幇鐥呬汉锛?/p>
浠庤�屽強鏃╂不鐤椾互鎻愰珮娌绘剤鐜囷紝鍑忎綆鐤剧梾瀵逛汉绫荤殑鍗卞锛涚涓夌骇棰勯槻鍗冲鎮ｈ�呮墍閲囧彇鐨勪竴绯诲垪鎺柦鍖呮嫭鎻愰珮
娌绘剤鐜囥�侀檷浣庣梾姝荤巼锛屽噺灏戝苟鍙戠棁鐨勫彂鐢燂紝鎻愰珮鐢熷瓨鐜囥�佹彁楂樼敓瀛樿川閲忕瓑銆?/p>
闄や笂杩板锛屽鐤剧梾鐨勬帶鍒朵笌淇冭繘浜虹被鍋ュ悍鐨勫绛栦害閫愭笎浣撶幇鍦ㄥ鐩稿叧鐨勫叕鍏卞崼鐢熸斂绛栫殑褰卞搷涓娿�傚洜
涓哄涓�椤瑰叕鍏卞崼鐢熸斂绛栫殑鍒惰锛屾祦琛岀梾瀛︿笉浠呭彲涓哄喅绛栬�呮彁渚涘埗璁㈡纭斂绛栫殑渚濇嵁锛屼篃鍙牴鎹鐩稿叧闂