英语句子成分及简单句的基本类型
句子成分 意义及位置 充当词类 例句 表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什名词、代词、数词、不定式、动We study in No. 17 middle school. 主语 么事”。通常在句子前部。 名词、短语或句子。 Jim is an American boy. Two heads are better than one. 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或由动词或动词词组充当。 Time tries all thing.(时间检验一切） 谓语 “怎么样”。通常在主语后（除疑Lucy is dancing under the tree. e 问、倒装句外）。 Her parents are both workers. 宾语 表示动作、行为的对象。在及物动Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌） 词或介词后。 名词、代词、数词、不定式、动 名词、短语或句子。 These girls like English. Did you see him yesterday? 与系动词连用，一起构成谓语部His father is a bus driver. 表语 分、说明主语的性质、特征。常在名词、代词、数词、不定式、动My car is white. 系动词之后。 名词、短语或句子。 We were at school yesterday. Health is wealth. (健康就是财富。） 定语 用来修饰名词或代词。单个词常在形、代、数、名、介词短语或相The red one is mine. 修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰当于形容词的词或短语。 What is his name? 的词之后。 A friend in need is a friend indeed.(患难见真情。） 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示动通常由副词、介词短语或相当于Our teacher works very hard. 作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式副词的词或短语来表示。 She often helps Mike. 等。位置较灵活。 They had a meeting in Shanghai. 宾语的补足语，逻辑上与宾语是由形容词、名词、介词短语等充We named the baby Lily. 宾语补足语 “主谓”关系。在宾语后。 当。 She made the room clean. 重复指代并进一步说明名词及名名词、名词性短语、从句等。 They all work hard. 同位语 词性词语。在被修饰词后。 John, a friend of hers, has gone.
句子成分 学记口诀：
主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。 宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无。
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简单句的六种基本句型
一、主系表结构（S + V + P ）：主语＋系动词＋表语＋（状语）
系动词通常与表语一起构成系表结构，用来说明主语的性质、特点或状态等。常见的系动词有be, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, get, grow, turn, become, stay, seem等。 主语 系动词 表语 状语 These books are great. This kind of food tastes delicious All her friends are outside the door now. The milk turned sour. The music sounds nice Tom is very happy today. 【练习导航】翻译下面的汉语句子。
1. 他感到有点累。______________________________
2. 这听起来是个好主意。______________________________ 3. 我的电脑在书房里。______________________________ 4. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。______________________________ 5. 那个女孩是我的妹妹。______________________________
二、主谓结构（S + V）： 主语＋不及物动词＋（状语） 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，不及物动词是指那些本身意义已完整，后面不需要接宾语的动词，常见的动词：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。 状语 （In 2003,) Last week,
【练习导航】根据汉语完成下列英语句子，每空一词。 1. 他在听。He _____ _____.
2. 昨晚你睡得好吗？Did you _____ _____ last night?
3. 这场雨持续了两个小时。The rain _____ _____ two hours. 4. 事物总是变化的。Things always _____.
5. 他来中国的梦想实现了。 His dream to China _____ _____ _____.
三、主谓宾结构（S + V + O）：主语＋及物动词＋宾语
这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。及物动词后面必须接宾语才能表达一个完整的意思。宾语是动作的承受者，一般由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词等充当。 状语 主语 及物动词 宾语 状语 主语 The first book We Li Ming The little girl The accident I 不及物动词 came out didn't go works works happened went 状语 in 2003 to the cinema yesterday. very hard. even harder. yesterday afternoon. to Guilin for my holiday. （YesterdaI bought a very good book yesterday. y) My father loves pictures of cars. Every my prepares breakfast for me morning mother He is having lunch. She plans to travel in May Day. I prefer standing. I don’t know what I should do next 【练习导航】找出下列句子的宾语。
1. He handed in his homework this morning. 2. Help yourself to some soup, Jim. 3. He forgot which way to go.
4. Would you mind waiting for a few minutes? 5. I’ll do what I can.
四、主谓双宾： （主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语） 1. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）
2. 及物动词+直接宾语（事物）+to / for+间接宾语（人）
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状语 主语 及物动词 间宾 直宾 状语 His hobby has brought him enjoyment. My father bought me a very On my good bike birthday. Last a box of week, my aunt sent me chocolate . 状语 主语 及物动词 直宾 (to\\for)+间宾 状语 His has hobby brought enjoyment to him. On my My father bought a very good bike for me birthday. Last a box of week, my aunt sent chocolate. to me 【温馨提示】
1.与to搭配的动词有give, hand, show, send, bring, pass, lend, teach, tell, write, throw, sell, email等。如： Can you lend us your car? =Can you lend your car to us? He brought me a pen.=He brought a pen to me.
2.与for搭配的动词有buy, play, get, make, order, choose, sing, pay等。如：My uncle bought me a watch.=My uncle bought a watch for me. Mother bought me a book.= Mother bought a book for me 【练习导航】
Ⅰ. 找出下列句子中的直接宾语。 1. She gave me her telephone number.
2. Bring me some water, please.
3. I’ll make you some fresh tea.
4. He sang us a folk song. _________________ 5. She showed me her paintings. _________________ Ⅱ. 将下列句子改为同义句。
6. Tom gave me a nice pen. = Tom ______ a nice pen _____ me. 7. My mother bought my little sister a pink skirt.
= My mother ______ a pink skirt ______ my little sister.
8. She cooked us a delicious meal.=She ______ a delicious meal _____ us. 9. Tim showed me his nice T-shirt. =Tim ______ his nice T-shirt _____ me. 10. She made me a cup of coffee.=She ______ a cup of coffee ______ me. 五、主谓宾补结构（S + V + O + OC）：
主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语
宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语怎么样的，担任补语常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。 主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补足语 状语 We can help you develop new skills. I don't want you to work too hard. You should keep the room clean and tidy. I found the box empty in the street His father told him not to play The teacher told us to do some exercises We made him our monitor. The news made everyone happy. 3
【温馨提示】
常见的不定式作补语的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow + sb(not)to do sth. 等。
注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。 1) The boss made him do the work all day.
2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.
【练习导航】
找出下列句子中的宾语补足语。 1. They call their daughter Mary. 2. Don’t leave me behind.
3. I wish you to be happy. 4. I saw her chatting with Nancy. 5. Good food keeps you healthy.
六、There be句型： There be +主语+(状语)
There be句型主要用来表示“某地有某物或某人”。 主语一般位于there be 之后。如果be动词后面有两个或两个以上的主语，be动词选用需要遵循“就近原则”一般和最近的一个保持一致：。如： There is a dictionary, three books and a pen on the desk. =There are three books，a dictionary, and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有一本字典，三本书和一支钢笔。 【练习导航】 Ⅰ. 单项选择
( ) 1. There ______ ice on the road last week.
A. was B. were C. will be D. are
( ) 2. There ______ a football match on the playground this afternoon.
A. will have B. is going to have C. is have D. is going to be
( ) 3. There will be enough food for everybody, _______?
A. won’t it B. won’t there C. isn’t it D. aren’t there ( ) 4. There _______ more than two hundred people killed in road
accidents since last month.
A. was B. were C. have been D. are Ⅱ. 根据汉语完成下列英语句子，每空一词。 5. 院子里有一个男孩正在和一只小狗玩。
_____ _____ a boy _____ with a dog in the yard.
6. 没有空气就没有声音._____ _____ _____ sound without air.
7. 没有时间再等你了。_____ ______ no time _____ _____ _____ you.
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