英汉互译理论和实践（选修）
第三章 英译汉常用方法和技巧 （教学安排：6课时）
无论翻译的标准如何，翻译的目的都是要求译者最大程度地传递原文信息/再现原文风格，以求最大程度地“忠实”于原文。翻译标准只是给译者提供了翻译的大方向，在具体的翻译运作过程中，还会遇到种种问题，所以在翻译实践中，还要灵活运用相应的翻译方法和技巧，从原文和译文的整体出发，全面分析，透过现象，抓住本质。经过不断的翻译实践，翻译技巧一定会运用得越来越娴熟，翻译水平也会越来越高。合理有效地运用翻译技巧可以使译文生辉，有效地提高翻译质量。
常用的翻译方法和技巧： 直译和意译 词义的选择
省略法和增补法 词类转译法 重复法
正反、反正表达法 分译法和合译法
直译和意译
英汉两种语言的结构有相同的一面，也有不同的一面，因此翻译时有时使用直译，有时用意译，有时直译并举。无论使用哪种方法，其原则是在忠实原文内容和风格的前提下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范
直译 (metaphrase/literal translation)
在不影响译入语的自然流畅并保持原文信息的前提下，在译文中既保持原文的内容信息，又保持原文的形式结构，尤其要保持原文的修辞、文体和文化特质。 to kill two birds with one stone to shed crocodile tears
如果不破坏原文结构，译文也能通顺自然且忠实原意，这是最理想的直译，但逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义的情况微乎其微。 直译法的使用不仅极大丰富了汉语的词汇，而且及大地拓展了汉语的表达方式和表达范围。汉语中的外来语大都采用直译法或音译法。例如： lady-killer talk show mad cow disease bird flu chain reaction cat walk humor second-hand car tittup hippy yuppie shock 例1 原文：There are two types of electric current: alternating current in which the current flows first one way then the other in a forward and backward motion, and direct current which flows the same way all the time. 译文： 例2
原文：Losing one’s independence for Americans is a shameful thing. 译文：
第三章 英译汉常用方法和技巧
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英汉互译理论和实践（选修）
例3
原文：Italian gourmets are protesting against the invasion of foreign foods on the dinner table. 译文： 例4 原文：In short, when employees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead, not worrying about what went into their files about the past. 译文： 例5
原文：But when I look at the Third World and think “What can I do to solve this?”, my reaction isn’t to say “Let’s bring population down immediately”. 译文： 例6
原句：Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated. 译文： 例7
原文：People are always talking about “the problem of youth.” If there is one, then it is older people who create it, not the young people themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him, and maybe that is where the rub is. 译文：
直译不等于死译、硬译，直译也需要灵活变通，不能只求形式对等而破坏原文内容。原文结构与译入语结构一致时，尽量保持原结构。但如果结构不一致，不能硬用直译法。 例8
原文：Drinking wine in moderation improves the IQ and may boost mental agility in old people.
译法一：适度饮酒可以提高智商，也许还可以促进老年人中的思维敏捷。 译法二：适度饮酒可以益智，也许还可以使老年人思维敏捷。
意译（paraphrase/ free translation）
在不宜采用直译的前提下所使用的另一种最基本的翻译方法。意译是指按照译入语的表达方式将原文所传达的语义和信息重新再现，使其准确完整地转换到译入语中来。
采用该方法时，可以不拘泥于原文的语法结构，重点着眼于原文的语义信息与译入语表达规范之间的协调和整理，最大程度地再现原文的内容与风貌。
意译的结果往往是从译文的表面看与原文大相径庭，但却表现出了原文的“筋骨”和“内质”。但要防止想入非非的“乱译”和“望文生译”。
第三章 英译汉常用方法和技巧
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英汉互译理论和实践（选修）
如把“stand on one’s head”译成“站在某人的脑袋上”；把“He is the last person I will see.”译成“他是我最后要见的人”；You have my sympathy. 你有我的同情。
由于中外文化差异，很多时候都需要透过原文的字面意思，打破原文的语言形式，使用相宜的汉语表达手法进行处理，否则就无法有效传递出原文信息，很多由于文化差异造成的习惯表达尤其如此，例如： dear John letter dead shot/ dead eye a cold fish blue-eyed boy natural history a shot-gun wedding clean author a couch potato 例9
原文：Too clearly, it is a topic we shall do no justice to in this place. 直译：很显然，这是一个我们在这个地方不能够充分说明的论题。 意译： 很显然，这是一个我们
例10
原文：After dinner the two ladies retired to another room and left their husbands to talk shop. 译文：
例11
原文：Lasts spring, Mother Nature made April Fools of all of us who live in New England. 译文：
例12
原文：He gave up the sword for the plough. 直译：他放下了刀剑，拿起来犁耙。 意译：
例13
原文：Do you see any green in my eye? 译文： 你认为我好骗吗？ 例14
原文：A great elation overcame them. 直译：一种巨大的欢乐情绪控制了他们。 意译：
例15
原文：My sister goes back to the fat farm again. 译文： slim chance
例16 chew the fat
原文：His son lives under the government’s expense. 译文：
例17
原文：I’m going to do a job no one else can do for me.
第三章 英译汉常用方法和技巧
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英汉互译理论和实践（选修）
直译：我打算做一件任何人都不能替我去做的大事。 意译：
直意并举
翻译过程中单一使用直译或意译都是不可取的。完全的直译有时会使译文生硬晦涩或辞不达意；完全的意译又往往会改变原作的风格特点，造成误读。科学的翻译态度应该是宜直译时就直译，须意译时就意译，或直译与意译兼顾，不能生搬硬套某一方法。 例18
原文：The parson officially pronounced that they became one. 译文：
例19
原文：Ten to one he has forgotten it. 译文：
例20
原文：The first time we met I know this was the only one I wanted to marry. It was love from the word go.
直译：初次见面我就知道自己想娶的人是她了，这是从“走”这个字开始的爱。 直意并举：
例21
原文：I never thrust my nose into other men’s porridge. It is no bread and butter of mine. Let every man for himself, and God for us all.
原译：我从来不会把自己的鼻子伸到别人的粥里。那不是我的面包和黄油。让每个人都为自己，上帝为我们大家吧。 改译：
翻译练习
A writer achieves brevity in language by expressing his thoughts and feelings with such propriety and precision that it would not be possible to add or detract a single paragraph, line or word.
You only know the hows but not the whys. We must get to the bottom of the matter.
Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.
Both democracy and freedom are relative, not absolute, and they come into being and develop in specific historical conditions.
The reform and open-up policy has increased people’s purchasing power and market prosperity and financial thriving.
Our teenagers, if we fail to give them enough moral education, will become a social burden.
词义的选择
（一）词义的选择
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义现象。在英汉翻译过程中，在弄清原句结构后要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。从如下两个方面入手：
第三章 英译汉常用方法和技巧
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英汉互译理论和实践（选修）
根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 例1 like
1）Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 2）He likes mathematics more than physics.
3）In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.
4）Like knows like.
根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义
英语同一个词同一词类，在不同的场合往往也有不同含义，必须根据上下文的联系以及词的搭配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下具有的含义。例如： 例2 Produce
The artist produced a beautiful painting. Last year she also produced a baby boy. That factory produces shoes.
That Italian director has produced a lovely movie. Let’s produce the line AB to C. 例3 last
He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it.
He is the last person for such a job. He should be the last to blame.
He is the last man to consult.最不该
This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 没料到 例4
原文：I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury I got a chaise for town; but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I should not get rid of it in a hurry. I got to the Treasury at about noon. But first of all got shaved and dressed. I soon got into the secret of getting a memorial before the board, but I could not get an answer then; however, I got intelligence from a messenger that I should get one next morning. As soon as I got back to my inn, I got my supper, and, then got to bed. When I got up next morning, I got my breakfast, and, having got dressed, I got out in time to get an answer to my memorial. As soon as I got it, I got into a chaise, and got back to Canterbury by three, and got home for tea. I have got nothing for you, and so adieu.
赏析：这是一段奇文，是英国维多利亚女王时代的一位作家威瑟斯（Dr. Withers）所作的一篇短文。各种形式的get共出现了27次。虽然除get外没有使用任何其他动词，风格也比较口语化，但文章的意思却表达得十分清楚。英语词汇的多义性由此可见一斑。 译文：
第三章 英译汉常用方法和技巧
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