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the safety or quality of the APIs.
3.3 Consultants
3.30 Consultants advising on the manufacture and control of intermediates or APIs should have sufficient education, training, and experience, or any combination thereof, to advise on the subject for which they are retained.
3.31 Records should be maintained stating the name, address, qualifications, and type of service provided by these consultants.
4. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 4.1 Design and Construction
4.10 Buildings and facilities used in the manufacture of intermediates and APIs should be located, designed, and constructed to facilitate cleaning, maintenance, and operations as appropriate to the type and stage of manufacture. Facilities should also be designed to minimize potential contamination. Where microbiological specifications have been established for the intermediate or API, facilities should also be designed to limit exposure to objectionable microbiological contaminants, as appropriate.
4.11 Buildings and facilities should have adequate space for the orderly placement of equipment and materials to prevent mix-ups and contamination.
4.12 Where the equipment itself (e.g., closed or contained system) provides adequate protection of the material, such equipment can be located outdoors.
4.13 The flow of materials and personnel through the building or facilities should be designed to prevent mix-ups and contamination.
4.14 There should be defined areas or other control systems for the following activities:
● Receipt, identification, sampling, and
quarantine of incoming materials, pending release or rejection
● Quarantine before release or rejection of
intermediates and APIs
● Sampling of intermediates and APIs
● Holding rejected materials before further
3.3 顾问
3.30 中间体或原料药生产和控制的顾问应当有足够的学历，受训和经验，能胜任所承担的工作。
3.31 顾问的姓名、地址、资格和提供服务的类型都应当有文字记录。
4. 建筑和设施 4.1 设计和结构
4.10 用于中间体和原料药生产的厂房和设施的选址、设计和建造应当便于清洁，维护和适应一定类型和阶段的生产操作。设施的设计应尽量减少潜在的污染。如果中间体或原料药的生产有微生物限度要求，那么设施设计应相应的限制有害微生物的污染。
4.11 厂房和设施应有足够空间，以便有秩序地放置设备和物料，防止混淆和污染。
4.12 自身能对物料提供足够保护的设备（如关闭的或封闭的系统），可以在户外放置。
4.13 通过厂房和设施的物流和人流的设计应当能防止混杂和污染。
4.14 以下活动应当有指定区域或其它控制系统：
● 来料的接收、鉴别、取样和待验，等待放行
或拒收；
● 中间体和原料药放行或拒收前的待验； ● 中间体和原料药的取样
● 不合格物料处理（如退货、返工或销毁）前
的贮存；
● 已放行物料的贮存；
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disposition (e.g., return, reprocessing or destruction)
● Storage of released materials ● Production operations
● Packaging and labeling operations ● Laboratory operations
4.15 Adequate and clean washing and toilet facilities should be provided for personnel. These facilities should be equipped with hot and cold water, as appropriate, soap or detergent, air dryers, or single service towels. The washing and toilet facilities should be separate from, but easily accessible to, manufacturing areas. Adequate facilities for showering and/or changing clothes should be provided, when appropriate.
4.16 Laboratory areas/operations should normally be separated from production areas. Some laboratory areas, in particular those used for in-process controls, can be located in production areas, provided the operations of the production process do not adversely affect the accuracy of the laboratory measurements, and the laboratory and its operations do not adversely affect the production process, intermediate, or API.
4.2 Utilities
4.20 All utilities that could affect product quality (e.g., steam, gas, compressed air, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) should be qualified and appropriately monitored and action should be taken when limits are exceeded. Drawings for these utility systems should be available.
4.21 Adequate ventilation, air filtration and exhaust systems should be provided, where appropriate. These systems should be designed and constructed to minimize risks of contamination and cross-contamination and should include equipment for control of air pressure, microorganisms (if appropriate), dust, humidity, and temperature, as appropriate to the stage of manufacture. Particular attention should be giving to areas where APIs are exposed to the environment.
4.22 If air is recirculated to production areas, appropriate measures should be taken to control
● 生产操作；
● 包装及贴标签操作； ● 实验室操作。
4.15 应当为员工提供足够和清洁的盥洗设施。这些盥洗设施应当装有冷热水（视情况而定）、肥皂或洗涤剂，干手机和一次性毛巾。盥洗室应当与生产区隔离，但要便于达到。应当根据情况提供足够的淋浴和/或更衣设施。
4.16 实验室区域/操作通常应当与生产区隔离。有些实验室区域，特别是用于中间控制的，可以位于生产区内，只要生产工艺操作对实验室测量的准确性没有负面影响，而且，实验室及其操作对生产过程，或中间体，或原料药也没有负面影响。
4.2 公用设施
4.20 对产品质量会有影响的所有公用设施（如蒸汽，气体，压缩空气和加热，通风及空调）都应当确认合格，并进行适当监控，在超出限度时应当采取相应措施。应当有这些公用设施的系统图。
4.21 应当根据情况，提供足够的通风、空气过滤和排气系统。这些系统应当根据相应的生产阶段，设计和建造成将污染和交叉污染降至最低限度，并包括控制气压、微生物（如果适用）、灰尘、湿度和温度的设备。特别值得注意的是原料药暴露的区域。
4.22 如果空气再循环到生产区域，应当采取适当的控制污染和交叉污染的风险。
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risks of contamination and cross-contamination.
4.23 Permanently installed pipework should be appropriately identified. This can be accomplished by identifying individual lines, documentation, computer control system, or alternative means. Pipework should be located to avoid risks of contamination of the intermediate or ApI.
4.24 Drains should be of adequate size and should be provided with an air break or a suitable device to prevent back-siphonage, when appropriate.
4.3 Water
4.30 Water used in the manufacture of APIs should be demonstrated to be suitable for its intended use.
4.31 Unless otherwise justified, process water should, at a minimum, meet World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking (portable) water quality.
4.32 If drinking (portable) water is insufficient to ensure API quality and tighter chemical and/or microbiological water quality specifications are called for, appropriate specifications for physical/chemical attributes, total microbial counts, objectionable organisms, and/or endotoxins should be established.
4.33 Where water used in the process is treated by the manufacturer to achieve a defined quality, the treatment process should be validated and monitored with appropriate action limits.
4.34 Where the manufacturer of a nonsterile API either intends or claims that it is suitable for use in further processing to produce a sterile drug (medicinal) product, water used in the final isolation and purification steps should be monitored and controlled for total microbial counts, objectionable organisms, and endotoxins.
4.4 Containment
4.40 Dedicated production areas, which can include facilities, air handling equipment and/or process equipment, should be employed in the production of highly sensitizing materials, such as penicillins or cephalosprins.
4.23 永久性安装的管道应当有适宜的标识。这可以通过标识每根管道、提供证明文件、计算机控制系统，或其它替代方法来达到。管道的安装处应当防止污染中间体或原料药。
4.24 排水沟应当有足够的尺寸，而且应当根据情况装有空断器或适当的装置，防止倒虹吸。
4.3 水
4.30 原料药生产中使用的水应当证明适合于其预定的用途。
4.31 除非有其它理由，工艺用水最低限度应当符合世界卫生组织（WHO）的饮用水质量指南。
4.32 如果饮用水不足以确保原料的质量，并要求更为严格的化学和/或微生物水质规格标准，应当指定合适的物理/化学特性、微生物总数、控制菌和/或内毒素的规格标准。
4.33 在工艺用水为达到规定质量由制造商进行处理时，处理工艺应当经过验证，并用合适的处置限度来监测。
4.34 当非无菌原料药的制造商打算或者声称该原料药适用于进一步加工生产无菌药品（医疗用品）时，最终分离和精制阶段的用水应当进行微生物总数、致病菌和内毒素方面的监测和控制。
4.4 限制
4.40 在高致敏性物质，如青霉素或头孢菌素类的生产中，应当使用专用的生产区，包括设施、空气处理设备和/或工艺设备。
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4.41 The use of dedicated production areas should also be considered when material of an infectious nature or high pharmacological activity or toxicity is involved (e.g., certain steroids or cytotoxic anti-cancer agents) unless validated inactivation and/or cleaning procedures are established and maintained.
4.42 Appropriate measures should be established and implemented to prevent cross-contamination from personnel and materials moving from one dedicated area to another.
4.43 Any production activities (including weighing, milling, or packaging) of highly toxic nonpharmaceutical materials, such as herbicides and pesticides, should not be conducted using the buildings and/or equipment being used for the production of APIs. Handling and storage of these highly toxic nonpharmaceutical materials should be separate from APIs.
4.5 Lighting
4.50 Adequate lighting should be provided in all areas to facilitate cleaning, maintenance, and proper operations.
4.6 Sewage and Refuse
4.60 Sewage, refuse, and other waste (e.g., solids, liquids, or gaseous by-products from manufacturing) in and from buildings and the immediate surrounding area should be disposed of in a safe, timely, and sanitary manner. Containers and/or pipes for waste material should be clearly identified.
4.7 Sanitation and Maintenance
4.70 Buildings used in the manufacture of intermediates and APIs should be properly maintained and repaired and kept in a clean condition.
4.71 Written procedures should be established assigning responsibility for sanitation and describing the cleaning schedules, methods, equipment, and materials to be used in cleaning buildings and facilities.
4.72 When necessary, written procedures should be established for the use of suitable rodenticides,
4.41 当涉及具有感染性、高药理活性或毒性的物料时（如，激素类或抗肿瘤类），也应当考虑专用的生产区，除非已建立并维持一套经验证的灭活和/或清洗程序。
4.42 应当建立并实施相应的措施，防止由于在各专用区域间流动的人员和物料而造成的交叉污染。
4.43 剧毒的非药用物质，如除草剂、杀虫剂的任何生产活动（包括称重、研磨或包装）都不应当使用生产原料药所使用的厂房和/或设备。这类剧毒非药用物质的处理和储存都应当与原料药分开。
4.5 照明
4.50 所有区域都应当提供充足的照明，以便于清洗、保养或其它操作。
4.6 排污和垃圾
4.60 进入和流出厂房及邻近区域的污水、垃圾和其它废物（如生产中的固态、液态或气态的副产物），应当安全、及时、卫生的处理。废物的容器和/或管道应当显著地标明。
4.7 卫生和保养
4.70 生产中间体和原料药的厂房应当适当地保养、维修并保持清洁。
4.71 应当制定书面程序来分配卫生工作的职责，并描述用于清洁厂房和设施的清洁的计划、方法、设备和材料。
4.72 必要时，还应当对合适的灭鼠药、杀虫剂、杀真菌剂、烟熏剂和清洁消毒剂的使用制定书面
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