武汉工程大学化工原理课程设计说明书
摘要
本文通过设计筛板式精馏塔达到分离丙酮-水二元混合物，需要满足年处理量70000吨。原料中丙酮含量80%，塔顶产品要求丙酮含量不低于99.5%，塔底丙酮含量不高于0.5%，常压操作，泡点进料。
本次设计采用连续精馏过程，将原料液通过预热器加热至泡点后送入精馏塔内。该物系属于易分离混合物，采用塔釜直接蒸汽加热法。塔顶上升蒸汽采用全凝器，冷凝液在泡点下一部分回流至塔内，其余部分经产品冷却后送至储罐。
本次设计结果为理论板数12块，实际板数25块，塔效率为44.0%，第17块板为进料板。在板式塔主要工艺尺寸的设计计算中得出塔径1.8米，全塔高度19.5米。各项设计均通过流体力学验算满足设计要求。
关键词：板式精馏塔；板式塔；丙酮-水；设计计算
I
武汉工程大学化工原理课程设计说明书
Abstract
In this paper, through the design of plate distillation column to achieve separation of acetone / water mixture needs two yuan, the annual handling capacity of 70000 tons. 80% acetone content in raw material, the product requirements of acetone content of not less than 99.5%, the bottom of the tower and acetone content of not more than 0.5%, normal operation, the bubble point feed.
The design of a continuous distillation process, the raw material liquid through a preheater after heated to soak into the distillation tower. The system is easy to separate mixtures, the tower kettle direct steam heating method. The rise of the condenser steam, condensate point back to the next part of the tower, the rest part of products to the storage tank after cooling.
The design results of theoretical plate number 12, the actual plate number 25, column efficiency was 44%, seventeenth boards for the feed plate. In the design and calculation of main parameters of plate tower in the tower diameter of 1.8 meters, the tower height of 19.5 meters. The design of fluid mechanics checked through to meet the design requirements.
Keywords: distillation column; plate ;acetone - water ; design and calculation
II
武汉工程大学化工原理课程设计说明书
目 录
摘要 .............................................................................................................................................I Abstract .................................................................................................................................... II 引 言 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 第一章 设计条件与任务 .......................................................................................................... 2
1.1设计条件 ........................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2设计任务 ........................................................................................................................................... 2
第二章 设计方案的确定 .......................................................................................................... 3
2.1精馏方案的选定................................................................................................................................ 3
2.1.1操作压力................................................................................................................................. 3 2.1.2进料状态................................................................................................................................. 3 2.1.3加热方式................................................................................................................................. 3 2.1.4冷却剂与出口温度 ................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.5回流比的选择 ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.6回流方式的选择 ..................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.7热能的利用 ............................................................................................................................. 4 2.2确定设计方案的原则 ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.2.1 满足工艺和操作的要求 ........................................................................................................ 5 2.2.2满足经济上的要求 ................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.3 保证安全生产 ........................................................................................................................ 6
第三章 塔的工艺计算 .............................................................................................................. 7
3.1进料液及塔顶、塔底产品的摩尔分数 ............................................................................................ 7 3.2 最小回流比的计算 ........................................................................................................................... 7
3.2.1 气液相平衡数据 .................................................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 最小回流比的计算 ................................................................................................................ 8 3.3全塔物料衡算与操作线方程 ............................................................................................................ 9 3.4 实际回流比 ...................................................................................................................................... 9 3.5 精馏段和提馏段理论板数的计算 ................................................................................................. 10 3.6精馏塔平均温度的计算 .................................................................................................................. 11 3.7物性参数计算.................................................................................................................................. 11
3.7.1 气相密度.............................................................................................................................. 11 3.7.2 液相密度.............................................................................................................................. 11 3.7.3 表面张力.............................................................................................................................. 11 3.7.4 粘度 ..................................................................................................................................... 12 3.8塔效率的计算.................................................................................................................................. 13 3.9实际塔板数的计算 .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.9.1 精馏段.................................................................................................................................. 14 3.9.2 提馏段.................................................................................................................................. 14 3.10塔径的估算 ................................................................................................................................... 15
3.10.1 板间距的初选 .................................................................................................................... 15 3.10.2塔径的估算 ......................................................................................................................... 15
III
武汉工程大学化工原理课程设计说明书
3.10.2.1精馏段 ...................................................................................................................... 16 3.10.2.2提馏段 ...................................................................................................................... 17
第四章塔板工艺尺寸的计算 .................................................................................................. 18
4.1精馏段塔板工艺尺寸计算 .............................................................................................................. 18 4.1.1 溢流装置的设计 .................................................................................................................. 18
4.1.1.1降液管的类型与溢流方式 ........................................................................................ 18 4.1.1.2 溢流装置的设计计算 ............................................................................................... 18 4.1.1.3 溢流堰 ....................................................................................................................... 18 4.1.1.4弓形降液管 ................................................................................................................ 19 4.1.1.5受液盘 ........................................................................................................................ 20 4.1.2塔板设计............................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.2.1 塔板布置 ................................................................................................................... 21 4.1.2.2 筛孔的计算及其排列 ............................................................................................... 21 4.1.2.3筛孔的排列与筛孔数 ................................................................................................ 22 4.1.2.4开孔率 ........................................................................................................................ 22 4.1.2.5筛孔分布图 ................................................................................................................ 22
4.2提馏段塔板工艺尺寸设计 .............................................................................................................. 23
4.2.1溢流装置计算 ....................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.1.1溢流堰高度 ................................................................................................................ 23 4.2.1.2弓形降液管宽度和截面积 ........................................................................................ 23 4.2.1.3降液管底隙高度 ........................................................................................................ 23 4.2.2塔板设计............................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.2.1 塔板布置 ................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.2.2 筛孔的计算及其排列 ............................................................................................... 24 4.2.2.3筛孔的排列与筛孔数 ................................................................................................ 24 4.2.2.4开孔率 ........................................................................................................................ 24 4.2.2.5筛孔分布图 ................................................................................................................ 25
4.3板的流体力学性能验算 .................................................................................................................. 25
4.3.1 精馏段.................................................................................................................................. 25
4.3.1.1塔板压降 .................................................................................................................... 25 4.3.1.2液面落差 .................................................................................................................... 27 4.3.1.3液沫夹带 .................................................................................................................... 27 4.3.1.4漏液............................................................................................................................ 27 4.3.1.5液泛............................................................................................................................ 28 4.3.2提馏段................................................................................................................................... 28
4.3.2.1塔板压降 .................................................................................................................... 28 4.3.2.2液面落差 .................................................................................................................... 29 4.3.2.3液沫夹带 .................................................................................................................... 30 4.3.2.4漏液............................................................................................................................ 30 4.3.2.5液泛............................................................................................................................ 30
4.4塔板的负荷性能图 .......................................................................................................................... 31
4.4.1精馏段................................................................................................................................... 31
4.4.1.1漏液线 ........................................................................................................................ 31 4.4.1.2液沫夹带线 ................................................................................................................ 31
IV
武汉工程大学化工原理课程设计说明书
4.4.1.3液相负荷下限 ............................................................................................................ 32 4.4.1.4液相负荷上限 ............................................................................................................ 32 4.4.1.5液泛线 ........................................................................................................................ 32 4.4.2提馏段................................................................................................................................... 33
4.4.2.1漏液线 ........................................................................................................................ 33 4.4.2.2液沫夹带线 ................................................................................................................ 34 4.4.2.3液相负荷下限 ............................................................................................................ 34 4.4.2.4液相负荷上限 ............................................................................................................ 34 4.4.2.5液泛线 ........................................................................................................................ 34
第五章 接管尺寸的确定 ........................................................................................................ 36
5.1进料管 ............................................................................................................................................. 36
5.2釜残液出料管.................................................................................................................................. 36 5.3回流液管 ......................................................................................................................................... 37 5.4塔顶上升蒸汽管.............................................................................................................................. 37 5.5加热蒸汽管 ..................................................................................................................................... 37
第六章 附属设备 .................................................................................................................... 39
6.1冷凝器 ............................................................................................................................................. 39 6.2原料预热器 ..................................................................................................................................... 39 6.3原料泵 ............................................................................................................................................. 40 6.4 塔釜 ................................................................................................................................................ 40
第七章 板式塔的结构 ............................................................................................................ 42
7.1塔体结构 ......................................................................................................................................... 42
7.1.1筒体 ...................................................................................................................................... 42 7.1.2封头 ...................................................................................................................................... 42 7.1.3塔顶空间............................................................................................................................... 42 7.1.4人孔 ...................................................................................................................................... 42 7.1.5塔高 ...................................................................................................................................... 42 7.2塔板结构 ......................................................................................................................................... 43
第八章 设计结果汇总 ............................................................................................................ 44 第九章 设计评价 .................................................................................................................... 46 参考文献 .................................................................................................................................. 47
V