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康社会。
中国国家人口与计划生育委员会以及其他各级政府部门担负着保证家庭问题与国家整体发展进程紧密联系的挑战和责任。帮助完成这一使命符合我们的共同利益。
Lesson 10
10.3 中国与欧盟的关系 女士们、先生们、朋友们：
今天，我很荣幸给大家介绍欧盟的一些情况以及欧盟与中国的关系。 欧盟全称叫欧洲联盟，是在欧洲共同体基础上有25个独立的国家组成的，目的是为了加强政治、经济和社会合作。原来叫“欧共体”或“欧洲经济共同体”。
目前的25个成员国是：奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、英国、塞浦路斯（希腊部分）、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、马耳他、波兰、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚。 欧盟25国总面积400平方公里，差不多半个中国的面积。总人口数为4.544亿，排行第三，仅次于中国和印度，约占世界总人口的7%。
欧盟同一货币为欧元，2002年一月正式启用。到目前为止，已经有12个欧盟国家用欧元取代其本国货币。同一货币使旅行和价格比较容易些，它还为欧洲的商业往来、刺激增长和竞争创造了一个稳定的环境。
到目前为止，欧盟的国内生产总值逾10万亿美元。作为一个整体，这个规模与它的主要竞争对手美国差不多。经济总量和贸易总额分别占全球25%和35%。
欧盟与中国的关系十分良好。今年5月欧盟与中国就建交30周年了。去年，欧盟与中国的进出口贸易总额达到2，000亿欧元。德国是中国的最大贸易伙伴，英国、荷兰名列第二和第三。
欧盟正抓住当前这一大好历史机遇-团结曾经分裂的欧洲大陆，创造一个和平、稳定、民主的欧洲。这次欧盟的扩大还将创造一个几乎拥有5亿消费者的大市场，这个市场饱含经济的增长和不断繁荣的极大潜力。 我的话完了，谢谢大家！
10.4 中国与东盟的关系
A. Excuse me, could you tell me when ASEAN was established? and how many member countries does it have now?
B. 东盟于1967年8月成立，目前有10 个成员国，它们是文莱、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、泰国、新加坡和越南。
A. Besides these 10 member countries, ASEAN also always holds the 10+1, 10+3 meetings. Does this mean that ASEAN has some dialog partners?
B. 是的，东盟有10 个对话伙伴，它们是澳大利亚、加拿大、中国、欧盟、印度、日本、俄罗斯、新西兰、韩国和美国。
A. What is the area that ASEAN covers? How many languages are spoken in this region? What is the total population?
B. 东盟地区面积大约有450万平方公里，有14种官方语言和7种主要的宗教信仰。人口总数在2000年一共有5.12亿。
A. 4.5 million square kilometers is about half of China’s territory, such a big regional organization neighboring China. How is the relationship between ASEAN and China?
B. 东盟地区不止是范围广阔，而且在经济、政治和科学技术方面也是举足轻重的地区。所
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有的东盟成员国都是中国的友好邻居。自从上世纪90年代起，中国与东盟的关系一直很好，政治关系更加密切。
A. Could you give me some data?
B. 在中国与东盟的关系中，经贸、科技方面的合作是基本的组成部分。1994年的贸易总额从120亿美元增加到235亿美元，其中中国的出口是109.2亿美元，进口是125.6亿美元。双方的相互投资过去几年也不断增加。东盟在劳动力合作和项目开发方面已经成为中国的重要市场。中国和东盟已经同意用8年的时间创建世界人口最密集的自由贸易区。 A. The relationship is very good economically, and how about politically?
B. 东盟是一个非常活跃的地区性组织，在发展相互了解和互信、捍卫地区国家间的和平与发展起到非常活跃的作用。中国与东盟的友好合作证明，国家无论大小、他们可能有不同的历史背景、社会制度、发展水平、文化传统以及价值观，但是只要他们遵守和平共处五项原则，他们一定会和谐共处，共同发展。
10.5 Diplomatic work for the people
It is true that we have been working every effort to serve the purpose of doing diplomatic work for the people. On the international stage, in order to do good and practical things for the people, we have to rely on our friends. In this regard, Chinese leaders have played an exemplary role. They have made many good friends for China in the world. Last year, President Hu Jintao, Chairman Wu Bangguo of the NPC, Premier Wen Jiabao and Chairman Jia Qinghong of the CPPCC visited a total of 34 countries. During their short yet tightly scheduled visits, they
conducted extensive activities. Last year alone we received 29 visiting heads of state, 23 heads of government and 42 foreign ministers.
In addition, different departments and industries across the country have been engaged in other diplomatic activities so as to make friends for the motherland and do practical things for the people. The inter-parliamentary, party-to-party and military-to-military diplomatic activities between China and other countries are fairly active, and a large number of Chinese NGOs are also active players in the international arena, such as the Chinese Youth League, the All China Women’s Federation and the All China Federation of Trade Unions. Many Chinese cities have also established twin-city relations with their foreign counterparts.
At present, China has 235 diplomatic missions abroad staffed with over 5,600 people, of
whom 3,200 are from the Foreign Ministry. Ambassador Sun Bigan, who was recently named as one of the top ten figures inspiring China most in 2004, is one of the best representatives of the Foreign Ministry.
Recently, I came across a group of figures from a western newspaper. Let’s take a look at them together to see whether the “China threat theory” makes sense or is nothing but ridiculous nonsense. In 2004, the defense expenditure of the US was US$455.9billion, accounting for 3.9% of its GDP, while that of China in the same year was only RMB 211.7billion, making up 1.6% of China’s GDP. The US defense expenditure was 17.8 times that of China.
In 2004, the per capita defense expenditure in the US was US$1,540 while that of China was about US$20, with the US figure being 77 times that of China. In 2003, the US defense
expenditure accounted for 47% of the global total, exceeding the total of the other 25 countries in the world with the largest defense expenditures. The figure was also 3.5 times the total sum of the defense expenditure of the other four permanent members of the Security Council. China follows the road of peaceful development. To maintain peace is both the starting point
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and the purpose of Chinese diplomacy. I believe that all those who respect the truth will see China as a staunch force for peace in the world. Lesson 11
11.3 倾销与反倾销
如一公司以低于其国内市场正常水平的价格出口产品，则被视为“倾销”。 这是不公平竞争吗？意见各不相同。但许多国家政府针对倾销采取措施，以保护其国内产品。《WTO协议》对此未作判断，而将重点放在了各国政府能够或者不能够对倾销做出反应上，为反倾销措施制定规则。 这一协议通常被称为《反倾销协议》。//
典型的反倾销方法是对来自特定的出口国的特定产品征收额外进口关税，以便使其价格接近“正常价值”，或消除对进口国国内产业造成的损害。
一般来说，美国、欧盟、澳大利亚和加拿大一直是反倾销措施的主要采取国。在WTO的档案中，记录了这四个国家采取反倾销措施的案例占全部案例的45%。//
为什么发展中国家容易成为反倾销的对象呢？
首先是，出口型经济容易导致贸易纠纷。因为积极参与出口是凡占国内经济的捷径，许多发展中国家实行了出口型的政策。结果，他们的经济比发达国家更依赖外贸，这样，在发展中国家和发达国家间出现许多摩擦就没有什么奇怪了。//
其次，从发展中国家出口的产品价格十分低廉。因为他们的劳力比起发达国家便宜许多，生产成本低是显而易见的。况且，发展中国家的产品通常设计比较不精美、不完善、这也会影响到价格。相比之下，在发达国家的劳动密集型工业都是暮年产业，比起知识型产业他们很没有竞争力。他们的产品价格在他们国内高得出奇，这个因素很容易引起国内产业和管理部门的注意。//
11.4 ABC of the WTO
A: With the development of globalization, international economic organizations are playing a more important role. What are the major economic organizations in the world nowadays? Could you please tell me briefly about them, not only about their common characteristics in international trade practice, but also their particular features?
B: 三个主要的国际经济组织是世界银行、国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织。世界贸易组织是于1995年从关贸总协定发展而来的，它是一个在贸易规则基础上进行贸易谈判的论坛，也是一个解决国家之间贸易争端的世界性组织，其核心作用是处理成员国之间的贸易关系。
相比之下，世界银行和国际货币基金组织是单独与其成员国打交道。他们对工业化国家影响很小，但是对发展中国家出现经济危机时，或者这些国家在寻找更多的外汇资源时却有较大的影响。
A: The WTO has replaced the GATT and is much more than the GATT.Could people say in another way that the WTO is the multilateral trading system?
B: 从某种意义上可以这么说。在多边贸易体制下，成员国之间采取多边谈判的方式使国际贸易规范化以及解决贸易争端。通过这种方法，世界贸易就会顺利运行，世界资源就会被有效利用。50几年来，GATT和WTO在发展国际贸易方面起到了重要作用。就像你刚才所说的，WTO比GATT覆盖的范围更广了、内容更丰富了。所以，多边贸易体制正在持续发展。
A: The WTO is a very busy and influential organization. Do all member governments have to obey the rules set by the TWO?
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B: 不是这样。WTO是以贸易规则为基础的成员国制组织。也就是说，所有的决定都是由成员国政府制定的，所有的规则都是在成员国之间谈判的成果。换句话说，WTO的所有决定都是通过协商而制定的，是民主可靠的。
A: The economy in developed countries is more powerful than that in developing countries, and much more powerful than that in underdeveloped countries. As an international economic organization, is the WTO’s decision-making under the control of the developed countries?
B: 总而言之，这是不可能的。所有的成员国都有同等的投票权，而且发展中国家的数量比发达国家多。但是，WTO是个国际组织，而发展中国家在经济实力方面似乎弱一些，这就意味着在全球化方面他们不能起到主导作用。但不论怎么说，发达国家不可能通过他们的经济实力来控制WTO。WTO是一个以规则为基础的组织，而这些规则不是由某些国家或集团制定的，所有的决定都是取决于多数人的意见。
A: Can a WTO body directly impact on or change a government’s policies? Does the WTO control the governments of member states?
B: 只有一种情况WTO会对政府的政策产生直接的影响，那就是当一个争端提交给WTO ，而且需要通过争端解决机构进行裁决的时候。一般情况下，争端解决机构是通过专家组成的决定或者是上诉报告进行裁决的。
即使是这样，裁决的幅度也是很小的。它通常是一个简单的判断或者是说明，指出该国政府是否已经违反了WTO的协议，是否该国政府已经违背了她必须遵守的诺言。除此之外，WTO没有要求政府采用或改变特定的政策。
A: Trade is the most important matter that the WTO is concerned with. So some people think that the WTO is willing to do anything to promote free trade. What is your opinion on this? B: 这是对世界贸易组织许多误解之一。WTO体制的原则之一就是各国应该降低贸易壁垒，让贸易更加自由。毕竟，各国从降低贸易壁垒中扩大了贸易并从中获利。但是，成员国之间讨价还价最多的是究竟要降低到什么程度。他们谈判的立场取决于他们情愿降到什么程度，以及他们能从其他成员国获得多少回报。一个国家的承诺变成了另一个国家的权利，反之亦然。
A: “Fair competition” is one of the basic principles of the WTO. International trade should be fair in competition. How does the WTO ensure that this principle is obeyed?
B: WTO 已经草拟一系列规则。这些规则详细说明了什么是“公平”什么是“不公平” ，以及政府应该对“不公平”做出什么反应。如果违背WTO的规则，受害方可以采取反倾销或者“补偿措施”进行补救。
我想要指出的是 WTO不是个自由贸易组织，而应该是一个多贸易组织。作为多边贸易组织，它允许关税和其他形式的保护形式的存在。然而，WTO的目标是消除贸易壁垒，鼓励公平、正当和自由的竞争。
11.5 Speech by President Hu Jintao at the opening ceremony of the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum in Beijing
Distinguished Mr. Richard D. Parsons, Honored guests,
Ladies and gentlemen,
Good evening! I am very delighted to be with you here to join in the opening ceremony of the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum in Beijing on this beautiful evening. To begin with, I’d like, on behalf of the Chinese government, and also in my own person, to express my sincere welcome to all of you, and congratulations to the forum sponsor, Time Warner Inc.//
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….
Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up program pioneered by Mr. Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China has undergone a profound transformation never seen in the country before. In a short span of 26 years from 1978 to 2004, China’s GDP increased from 147.3 billion US dollars to 1.6494 trillion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 9.4 percent. Its foreign trade rose from 20.6 billion US dollars to 1.1548 trillion US dollars, averaging an annual growth rate of over 16 percent.// China’s foreign exchange reserve increased from 167 million US dollars to 609.9 billion US dollars. The number of poor rural people has dwindled from some 250 million to 26 million. The overall national strength of China has increased remarkably and the texture of life of its people improved steadily. // While inheriting and carrying forward their proud past, the 1.3 billion Chinese people are writing a new chapter in history as they march with one mind on the road of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. We in China have identified the goal for the first 20 years of this century. That is to firmly seize the strategic
opportunities to build a moderately prosperous society of higher standards in an all-round way for the benefit of our over one billion people. By 2020,we will quadruple China’s GDP of 2000 to approximately 4 trillion US dollars with a per capital level of some 3,000 US dollars, and further develop the economy, improve democracy, advance science and education, enrich culture, foster greater social harmony and upgrade the texture of life for the people.… Ladies and Gentlemen,
China and the rest of Asia and the world at large are closely related when it comes to development. A developing China will, as always, generate cooperation opportunities with win-win results for other countries in Asia and the world over. By the end of 2004, China had attracted a total of 562.1 billion US dollars in FDI, approved the establishment in China of more than 500,000 foreign-funded enterprises and created a huge import market of some 560 billion US dollars annually.//
At present, most countries and regions have enterprises with investments in China, and over 400 firms out of the FORTUNE 500 have invested in China. The number of R&D centers set up by foreign investors in China has exceeded 700. As China becomes more developed, its cooperation with other countries and their corporations of various types is bound to increase in scale. // China will keep opening up its market, find new ways of using foreign capital, improve laws and regulations for encouraging and protecting foreign investors, revamp foreign economic
management, step up protection of intellectual property rights, and work still harder to help foreign investors and create an even better environment for trade an economic cooperation between China and the rest of the world.…
Facts have proved that such cooperation serves our mutual interests. We look forward to continued expansion of your investment in China and your still closer economic and
technological cooperation with Chinese enterprises. I believe that you will give greater scope to the advantages of your companies and your rich managerial expertise and play a critical role in facilitating international economics and technological cooperation and promoting economic development regionally and globally. Let us join hands and work together to contribute a greater share to world peace and common development.
May I conclude by wishing the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum in Beijing a complete success. Thank you! //