1.选修八Unit1 CALIFORNIA加利福尼亚
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. 加州是美国第三大洲, 而且是人口最多的州。 It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. 加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州。它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。 The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. 这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。 This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史，你就不会对其文化的多样性感到惊奇了。 NATIVE AMERCANS美洲土著人
Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 最早一批人具体是什么时候来到我们现在了解的加利福尼亚地区的, 谁也说不清楚。 However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而，可能至少在一15,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. 科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时期曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。 In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. 欧洲人在16世纪到来这里之后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难。 Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. 成千上万人被杀或被迫成为奴隶。In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. 另外, 欧洲人带来的疾病，使许多人染病而死。 However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. 不过，还是有一些人经历了这些恐怖时期而活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。 THE SPANISH西班牙人
In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. 在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是被西班牙统治的。 Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. 西班牙士兵最早是在16世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，夺去了他们的土地。Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. 两个世纪以后, 西班牙人在南美洲大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加利福尼亚州的西班牙
人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. 1821年,墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立。 California then became part of Mexico.加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. 1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得战争胜利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. 但是,这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙文化的影响。That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 这就是为什么今天还有40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。 RUSSIANS俄罗斯人
In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. 在19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。 Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco. 今天，住在旧金山及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人大约25，000人。 GOLD MINERS金矿工
In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. 1848年,美墨战争后不久,在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。 The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. 发财梦很快就吸引了来自世界各地的人。The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. 距离最近因而来的最早的是南美洲人和美国人， Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. 随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。 In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. 事实上, 很少有人圆了发财梦。Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. 许多人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，大多数人仍然留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生，在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。 By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个州的时候, 它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。
LATER A RRIVALS后来的移民
Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 虽然中国移民在淘金热期间就开始来到（美国），但是更大批量的中国移民却是在十九世纪六十年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的
铁路而来的。Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the \今天,加利福尼亚州各地都有美藉华人居住,尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和旧金山的“中国城”里。Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. 十九世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到加利福尼亚，他们主要是渔民，也有些酿酒工人。 In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. 1911年丹麦移民建立了他们自己的城镇，至今仍保留着丹麦文化。 By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. 到了二十世纪二十年代，电影产业在加利福尼亚州的好莱坞建立了起来。 The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. 这个行业吸引了许多欧洲人包括许多犹太人。Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States. 今天，加利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占第二位。Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. 日本的农民是在20世纪初期开始到加利福尼亚来的,而从20世纪80年代以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了。 People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. 非洲人从19世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的。However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries. 然而更多的非洲人在1942年到1945年之间来到加利福尼亚的，当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作的。
MOST RECENT ARRIVALS最近期的移民
In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. 在最近几十年里,加利福尼亚成了亚洲人的家,包括柬埔寨人、朝鲜人、越南人和老挝人。 Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California. 从20世纪70年代开始发展计算机工业以来，加利福尼亚又吸引了印度人和巴勒斯坦人的到来。
THE FUTURE未来展望
People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California世界各地的人，由于受气候条件和生活方式的吸引,仍然在继续迁入加利福尼亚。. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 人们认为, 要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。
2.选修八Unit 1 GEORGE’S DIARY乔治的日记 12TH—14TH JUNE
Monday 12th, June6月12日,星期一
Arrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave. 清晨乘公共汽车抵达，直赴饭店，放下行李，洗澡、刮脸，即去观光。Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. 先是乘缆车，在山顶揽胜，观看旧金山湾及整个城市。 Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams. 缆车系统建立于1873年，是由安德鲁·哈利迪发明的，他试图找到一种比马拉的轨道车更好的交通方式。 Apparently he'd been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it. 他曾经看到过一次可怕的交通事故：一辆马车刹车失灵，驾车失控，车子和马一起从山上滑了下去，很明显这让他受到了极大的震惊。
Had a late lunch at Fisherman's Wharf. 午餐是在渔人码头吃的，吃得很晚。 This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. 意大利渔民在19世纪末首先来到这个地区，并且在这儿开始捕鱼业。 Now it's a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. 如今这儿是一个旅游区了，很多商店、海鲜馆和面包坊。It's also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay. 这儿也是乘渡船去天使岛和海湾其他地方的渡口。Did so much exploring at Fisherman's Wharf. Am
exhausted and don't feel like doing anything else. Early bed tonight!在渔人码头看了这么多东西，我太累了，什么也不想干了。今晚要早点睡觉! Tuesday 13th, June 6月13日 星期二
Teamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. 同酒店里的一对夫妻(彼得和泰莉)作伴，一起租了一辆小汽车。Spent all day driving around the city. 一整天驱车游览城市。There's a fascinating drive marked out for tourists. 有一种专门为旅游者选定的驾车游活动。 It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go. 车身上有蓝白两色相间的标记，上面有海鸥以表示要去的路线。It's a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots. 这是一次79公里的旅行，它涵盖了所有著名的旅游景点。 Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take photographs. 途中多次停车，从不同角度欣赏城市风景并摄影。 Now have a really good idea of what the city's like. 现在有对城市的面貌有了一个很好的了解。
In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. 傍晚，跟彼得和泰莉一起去中国城。 Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s. 中国移民于19世纪50年代定居在这个地区。 The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southern China. 建筑物面前装饰得就像在中国南部地区的古建筑一样。Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants. 这儿看到了一些有趣的寺庙，不少的集贸市场和大量的餐馆，还有美术馆和一个博物馆。Also art galleries and a museum containing documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening. 博物馆里有关于中国移民史的文件、照片和各种各样的物品，但是晚上关门了。 Will go back during the day. Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.打