第三讲：英汉语言对比：英汉词法、句法和篇章结构的不同
I．Teaching Purpose:
Draw students? attention to the differences between Chinese and English. II. Important and Difficult Points
Different word order between English and Chinese III. Teaching Method
The teacher briefly introduces the characteristics of two languages and their differences by giving some examples. Then the students are asked to do some exercises.
IV. Teaching Contents
一切翻译理论,方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言的对比上,因此对于翻译实践来说,对于英汉两种语言的异同,尤其是相异之处,从而掌握它们的特点是十分重要的.
I. 词汇现象的对比 一.词的意义方面 1.完全对应
The U.S. State Department 美国国务院 The Pacific Ocean Helicopter Minibus 2.部分对应
Marriage: 娶，嫁 Gun : 枪，炮 Sister : 姐，妹
Morning : 早晨，上午 3.无对应 Overkill Plumber
4.英语一词多义，分别与汉语几个词对应 A soft aboveground launching site
The Record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May.
The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour. Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug. 二.词的搭配能力方面
He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his cars with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼镜,穿厚毛衣, 耳朵里塞了棉花.
But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick. 但是他每冲一次,不是让人一脚踢了回去,就是让人一棍子打了回去. step up the performance of the water wheel 改善水车的机械性能
step up the campaign for nuclear disarmament. 加强支持核裁军的运动
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Birds build their nets. 筑巢
Build a new future. 创造美好的未来. Build canals. 开凿运河 三.词序的差异
汉语说, “我们在教室里学习”, 而在英语中却说, We are studying in the classroom. 英汉句子中主要成分词序基本一致.定语和状语的词序有所差异。
They saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
1. 他们看到的是一个身材瘦长, 比普通人略高一点的人, 两眼闪着光辉, 面貌很引人注意,称得上清秀.(有的定语仍然是定语,有的则变成了独立的句子.)
2. 他们看到的是一个比普通人略高一点, 两眼闪着光辉, 面貌很引人注意, 称得上清秀, 身材瘦长的人.(会使读者累得上气不接下齐,not readable.) He was born in Forth on May 27, 1923. 他是1923年5月27日在菲尔特出生的。（英语中地点状语放在时间状语之前。汉语则与之相反）
At eleven minutes past 1 A.M. on the 16th of October, 1946, Ribbentrop mounted the gallows in the execution chamber of the Nuremberg prison.
一九四六年十月十六日凌晨一点十一分，里宾特洛莆走上纽伦堡监狱死刑室的绞架。（英语时间状语从小到大，汉语从大到小）地点状语也如此：
I was born in Burdine, Kentucky, in the heart of the Appalachian coal-mining country. 我出生于阿帕拉契山脉煤矿区中心的肯塔基洲柏定市。 II.句法现象对比
一.时间顺序和逻辑顺序
Nothing has happened since we parted.我们分别之后，一直没有发生什么事情。 I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. 我吃了晚饭后，出去散步。
1.英语句子突出重点，把重要的放在突出位置。
2.汉语叙事靠并列结构，较多依靠各成分之间的顺序，尤其是时间和逻辑顺序 3.英语叙事时间顺序较灵活，汉语则通常先发生的事先叙述，后发生的事后叙述
James Brindley of Staffordshire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels, at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village.
斯塔福郡的詹姆斯·布林德雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭；1733年，他才17岁，就着手改良磨房的车轮，从而开始了他自我奋斗的生涯。
About a week and a half after we moved into an apartment in Atwater, a block from the Los Angeles River, the rains started in earnest.
搬来以后就在阿特瓦德区离洛杉矶河一个街区的地方找了一套房子住下，住了大约一个多星期，下起雨来了，而且下个不停。
He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.
天快黑了，人家给了他一把椅子，请他坐下等一会儿。忽然电灯全亮了，照出了整个大桥的轮廓。
It would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me. 在这个意义重大的日子即将结束的时候，我躺在小床上回顾一天的欢乐，恐怕再也找不到比
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我更幸福的孩子了。 二.评论与表态
英语先说个人感受，发表评论或表明态度，然后再说有关情况，汉语与之相反。
1. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.
我的生活与从前迥然不同，一想到这一点，我就感到非常兴奋。 I?m very happy to receive your letter. 接到你的来信我十分愉快。
It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.
我原来打算今年一月访问中国，后来我不得不推迟，这使我深感失望。 We were stunned by their ignorance and daring.
他们那样大胆，不知道危险就在眼前，使我们非常吃惊。 It?s hard to predict the intensity of the patterns from year to year. 严重程度如何，年年不同，难以预料。
A successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interest involving appropriate activities.
如果老年人对于个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣，并参加适当的活动，他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。
It serves little purpose to have continued public discussion of this issue. 继续公开讨论这个问题是不会有什么益处的。
There is potential for increasing the yield per unit area on the existing cultivated land. 提高现有耕地单位面积产量有潜力。
I find it a great honour to be asked to write a preface to this collection of his essays.
V. Exercises and Assignments
1. Father?s attitude toward anybody who wasn?t his kind used to puzzle. It was so dictatorial.
There was no live and let live about it.
2. Hardly a day passes without him getting scratched or bruised as he scrambles for a place on a bus.
3. Most people are a mix of optimism and pessimism, but are in c1ined in one direction or the other.
4. Deeply concealed as it is in ordinary times, a latent dependence reveals itself when the time of one?s being left alone lengthens considerably.
5.The treaty provides for freedom of movement, equa1ity before the law, presumption of innocence, freedom of conscience and re1igion, freedom of opinion and expression, peaceful assembly and participation in pub1ic affairs and elections.
6. Each embraces New York with the intense excitement of first love, each absorbs New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer, each generates heat and light to dwarf the Conso1idated Edison Company.
7. They found that the kind of stress most likely to invite a cold is ongoing (lasting a month or more) and involves conflict with colleagues, family or friends.
8. Star performers at work know that real initiative means going beyond your regu1ar work to come up with new ideas that really help the company?s bottom 1ine.
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9. The past of man has been on the who1e a pretty beast1y business, a business of fighting and bu1lying and gorging and grabbing and hurting.
10. For all of the political savvy that has shaped the planning of Desert Shield so far, the top brass are keen1y aware that some political dimensions of the mi1itary operation remain beyond their control.
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