语法网络图（超级详细版）
一．名词
I. 名词的种类： 专有名词 普通名词 可数名词 不可数名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式：
名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 以-f或-fe结尾的变-f和-fe为v再加-es 3 词 belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 加-s 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结5 toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 尾的，加-s hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 一般加-es 以辅音字母加-o6 piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 不少外来词加-s 结尾的名词 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 两者皆可 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数： 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, 5 population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 复数（成员） customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮6 复数形式表示特别含义 料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 加-s 表示Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 单复数同形 7 “某国以-man或-woman结尾的改为人” Englishmen, Frenchwomen -men,-women sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 将主体名词变为复数 合成名8 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 词 women singers, men servants 将两部分变为复数 III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成： the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 单数名词在末尾加’s 复数名词
一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 1
不规则复数名词后加’s 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2. ’s所有格的用法： today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday １ 表示时间 2 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 表示自然现象 3 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 表示国家城市等地方的名词 4 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 表示工作群体 5 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 表示度量衡及价值 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot 7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed
二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法： 1 A plane is a machine that can fly. 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of 2 A boy is waiting for you. 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 3 We study eight hours a day. 表示“每一”相当于every，one 4 We are nearly of an age. 表示“相同”相当于the same 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out 5 That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 类似性质的人或事 6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one. 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法： 1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法： 1 2 3
专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? March, Sunday, National Day, spring 2
4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 8 表示泛指的复数名词前
三．代词：
I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 人称主格 1 代词 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主形容词性 代词 名词性 反身代词 指示代词 疑问代词 关系代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, their Lincoln was made President of America. He likes playing football/chess. by train, by air, by land husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night Horses are useful animals. mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 this, that, these, those, such, some 5 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, 7 不定代词 other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:
each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no：
no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
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