◆英语谚语欣赏
1. He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for –nothing. 不懂装懂，一事无成.
2. It’s the first step that costs.千里之行，始于足下
3. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf. 甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼. Ⅰ. 概念：
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 (3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系词的作用：
1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）
常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 、but (文语, 置于否定词之后=that/who…not…, \没有……不……\在从句中作主语，宾语) 常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 where The student who answered the question was John. I know the reason why he was so angry.
The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother. I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词；
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）； 第三选择合适的关系词。 Ⅱ. 几个关系代词的基本用法：
●that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如： 1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主语) 2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?
3. You can take anything ( that) you like. （宾语） 4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about? 5. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.
6. She's no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.（表语） 7. Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be. = Our hometown is not the same as it used to be. = Our hometown is different from what it used to be。 = Our hometown is not what it used to be.
●which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如： 1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语） 2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语） 3. The factory in which his father works is far from here. 4. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表语）
5. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.（定语） 6. He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him. ●who, whom, whose:
who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人 whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人
whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。 I like the students who/that work hard. （主语）
All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.) Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （宾语） He's a man from whom we should learn.
= He's a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.
比较：He is the student whom you think to be worthy of your praise. He is the student who you think is worth praising.
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人） I'd like a room whose window faces south. （指物） =I'd like a room of which the window faces south.
=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.
There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come 关系代词作介词宾语:
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式（介词前置，.必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.） This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for.
Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?
The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our information age.
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help. Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week? Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?
This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等)
●as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
①如为限制性的，多用于the same …as ; the same as；such …as …; as many/much as；so …as等结构中。如：
※I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。
Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (关系代词as和指示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语, 先行词是same.)
※.---Why didn't you mention that in face of the police just now? --- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.
We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests. Don't do such things as you are not sure about. There is no such place as you dream of in all this world. 比较：I live in the same house that he used to live in.