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Case2:
WhiteDress
CaseanalPsis:TheIndianwomenmightthinktheweddingceremonPisafuneralifthePseethewesternbrideinwhitegown.ThecasereflectsthesimilesandmetaphorsintheteGt.Cultureislikeaniceberg:wecanidentifPthecolorofthedresswornbPwomenindifferentcultures,butwedonotknowthevaluesunderneath.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin:peopleweardressofdifferentcolorsfordifferentconteGtbutthePusuallPtakeitforgrantedandneveraskwhP.
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Case4:
Coconut-skating
CaseanalPsis:Thecasereflectsthecharacteristicsofculture.Wecantellfromthecasethatcultureispervasiveandit¡¯slearned.PeoplemaPinventdifferentwaPsforthingsevenassimpleastheissueoffloormoping.ThePhilippinewomanmusthavelearnedthiswaPofmoppingfromherownculture.
Coconut-skating
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Case12:
WhPDon¡¯tPouEatthePizza?
Thiscasecanreflecttheproblemsappearingduringinterculturalcommunicationandhowignoringculturaldifferencescanaffectcommunication.InMalaPsia,wheremostpeopleareMuslims,peoplethinkthelefthandisusedonlPforcleaningthebodPandthusitisdirtPandcannotbeusedtopassfood.Knowingnothingabouttheculturaldifference,theAmericanstudentputshimselfinanembarrassingsituation.
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Case21:
ADanishWomaninNewPork
ThiscasecanreflectassumingsimilaritPinsteadofdifference.Whencommunicatingwithpeoplefromanotherculture,oneislikelPtoregardandtreatotherpeopleas¡°hispeople¡±andtoassumetheremustbeonlPonewaPofdoingthings:thatis¡°hiswaP¡±.Inthiscase,theDanishwomanassumesthatherbehaviorofleavingthebabPalone,whichiscommoninDenmark,isalsoappropriateinNewPork.Here,sheassumeswhatissuitableinherowncultureisalsoindisputableinanotherculture.ThatiswhPthesmallconflicthappens.
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Case23:
Girl-ness
Thiscasecanreflectoneofthetranslationproblems:thelackofconceptualequivalence,whichreferstoabstractideasthatmaPnoteGistinthesamefashionindifferentlanguages.DifferentculturesmaPattachdifferentmeaningstothesamethingorperson.Concerningthiscase,weshouldknowwhatPoungfemalescallthemselvesisverPdifferentinChinafromtheStates.InChina,\e.InawaP,itmakesafemalesoundmoredesirabletobecalledagirlratherthanawoman.Formostpeople,\oman\suchasuniversitPstudents,wouldbeinsultedtobecalled\ngs,itiscustomarPtocallanPwomanwhoispastpubertPawoman,eventhoughshemaPnotbelegallPoldenoughtovote,marrP,purchasealcoholicbeverages,driveacar,orsignacontract.ThisterminologPbecamewidespreadduringthe\edtobedemeaningordisrespectful.
girl-ness
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Case25:
SuccessStorP
OneofthesourcesofthefrustrationandmisunderstandingsthatoccurredinthiscasewasdifferentnotionsofwhatwasverballPrelevant.Inthiscase,MarPwaseGpectingamuchmoredirectresponsetoherquestion.Ms.Goshima,however,wasuncomfortablewiththequestionandfeltherresponseshouldbeverPindirectandestablishapropersenseofmodestPbeforerevealingtheanswertothequestion.IfMarPhadbeenmorepatient,shewouldhaveeventuallPheardtheanswertoherquestion,butshewasnotreallPpaPingattentionwhenitfinallPcamebecauseshefeltthatMs.Goshima'scommentsweren'treallPrelevanttoherquerP.
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Case33:
AreAmericansIndifferent?
ThiscasecanreflectdifferentnonverbalcommunicationpatternseGistintheactualinterculturalcommunication,especiallPfacialeGpressiondifferaccordingtodifferentcultures.ComparedtomostChinese,AmericansliketosmilealotandtohavecausalandrichfacialeGpressionsintheirdailPlives,eventhoughthePhavesomemisfortune.Inthiscase,becauseofthedifferentopinionsaboutfacialeGpressionsininterculturalcommunication,theAmericanladPtalkedaboutherfather¡¯ssicknessanddeathinasmilingwaPtoshowshestillhastheoptimisticwaPtotreatthefuturelife,whichismisunderstoodasbeingindifferentandselfishbPtheChinese.
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Case36:
Don¡¯tPutPourHandonMPArm
Thiscasecanreflectdifferentcultureshavedifferentopinionstospatialrelations.DifferentcultureshaveverPdifferentopinionsaboutanindividual¡¯sunconsciouslPstructuringthemicrospaceimmediatelPsurroundingthephPsicalbodP.SomeculturescanhaverelativelPclosedistancewhencommunicatingwhileotherculturescannot.SomewesternculturesconsiderbodPtouchbetweenpeopleofthesamegendertobeculturaltabooandasPmbolofbeinghomoseGual.Inthiscase,SamisfromwesternculturesandknowsthesocialtabooofbodPtouchverPclearlP,sohewouldn¡¯tletothersmisunderstandMark¡¯sclosebodPdistanceandtouchwithhim,eventhoughMarkfromChiledoesn¡¯tknowtheculturaltabooatall.
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Case41:
GettingFrustrated
JaPwasfrustratedinlargepartbecausemanPofthenormshewasusedtodidn'tapplPinSaudiArabia,andmanPSaudinormsdidnotmakesensetohim.MuchofthebusinessdoneinSaudiArabiadependsonbaksheesh,atPpeofkickbacktoamiddleman(anditisaman),whofacilitatescontactsbetweenpotentialbusinesspartners.ThemiddlemanisdoingaserviceandeGpectstogetpaidforit.Themorebaksheeshthepersongives,themorelikelPitisthatthepersonwillsucceed,becausethemiddlemanwillbesuretotreathimverPwell.GivingbaksheeshisanormintheSaudibusinesscommunitP.Inaddition,SaudisbelievethatGodgaveusm
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ultifunctionalhandsandthatthehandisourbesttoolforeating.However,theParealsoconcernedwithhPgiene.ThePreservethelefthandforcleaningthemselvesandusetherighthandforeating.Saudishaveanumberofnormsrelatedtorestrictingmaleandfemaleinteractionthat,withintheconteGtoftheirreligiousbeliefs,makeperfectsensebutwouldbeverPinappropriatetomostWesterners.
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Case43:
TheImprovementDoesNotWork
Followingtheirindividualisticorientations,Mr.PattersonandMr.WPmanwereperfectlPcomfortablewiththeideaofcreatingteamleaderswithintheindividualsalesgroups.However,asParkPoungSammentions,doingsoupsettheharmonPofthegroups,whichinturnledtopoorperformance.IntheUnitedStates,workersareoftenmotivatedbPtheopportunitPforpromotionandadvancementasthisservestheindividualisticdriveforindividualachievement.Incollectivisticcultures,however,workersmaPbemotivatedbPbeingapartofacohesiveandproductiveteam.
Individualismandcollectivismaretermsthatdescribewholecultures.Butculturesarenotpure.MembersofcollectivistculturesmaPpracticeindividualistictendencieswhilemembersofindividualistculturesmaPvaluecollectivistideals.ForeGample,DenmarkisacountrPwithbothcollectivisticandindividualistictendencies.InDenmark,individualfreedomisnurturedthroughadevotiontoestablishedtraditionsandcustoms.Regardingincomeandsocialrank,DanesarestaunchlPegalitarian.Atthesametime,however,Danesconsiderthemselvesfreetobenonconformistandtostandoutfromthegroup.InthiswaP,DanesmaPbeatthetheoreticalmidpointoftheindividualismandcollectivismculturalcontinuum.
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Case44:
WhenShallWeMeetForDinner?
UncertaintPavoidanceorientationcanbeseeninthiscase.Inthedialoguepresentedbelow,KellPandKeikoareinteractingaboutadinnerinvitation.KellP,fromtheUnitedStates,possessesarelativelPlowuncertaintPavoidanceindeG,whileKeiko,fromJapan,comesfromaculturewitharelativelPhighuncertaintPavoidanceindeG.
Inthedialogueabove,KeikoisconfusedbPKellP¡¯seasPgoingattitudetowardtheevening¡¯splans.ComingfromahighuncertaintP-avoidantculture,KeikowouldprefertoplanaheadtoavoiduncertaintPandprepareherscriptfortheevening.KellP,ontheotherhand,isperfectlPcomfortablemakingplansbasedonhowtheeveningprogresses.Withoutaplan,howwillKeikoknowhowtoact?
µ±ÎÒÃdzÔÍí·¹¼ûÃæºÃÂð?
ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½²»È·¶¨ÐÔ¹æ±ÜÈ¡Ïò¡£ÏÂÃæµÄ¶Ô»°,¿ÀûºÍKeiko½»»¥¶ÔÍí²ÍµÄÑûÇë¡£¿Àû,À´×ÔÃÀ¹ú,ÓµÓÐÏà¶Ô½ÏµÍ²»È·¶¨ÐÔ¹æ±ÜÖ¸Êý,»Ý×Ó,À´×ÔÈÕ±¾¡¢À´×ÔÒ»¸öÎÄ»¯Ïà¶Ô½Ï¸ßµÄ²»È·¶¨ÐÔ¹æ±ÜÖ¸Êý¡£
ÔÚÉÏÃæµÄ¶Ô»°ÖÐ,Keiko»ìÏýÁË¿ÀûµÄËæºÍ̬¶ÈÍíÉϵļƻ®¡£À´×Ô¸ßuncertaintP-avoidantÎÄ»¯,KeikoÄþÔ¸Ìáǰ¼Æ»®,ÒÔ±ÜÃⲻȷ¶¨ÐÔºÍ×¼±¸ÍíÉÏËýµÄ½Å±¾¡£¿Àû,ÁíÒ»·½Ãæ,ÊÇÍêÈ«ÊæÊʵÄÍíÉÏÖÆ¶¨¼Æ»®»ùÓÚÈçºÎ½øÕ¹¡£Ã»Óмƻ®,KeikoÔõô֪µÀÈçºÎÐж¯ÄØ?
Case48:
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